Assessment of risk factors in dogs with presumptive advanced canine cognitive dysfunction

Protein profiling and assessment of amyloid beta levels in plasma in canine refractory epilepsy

Introduction

The relationship between epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction has been investigated in canines, and memory impairment was prevalent in dogs with epilepsy. Additionally, canines with epilepsy have greater amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and neuronal degeneration than healthy controls. The present study investigated plasma Aβ42 levels and performed proteomic profiling in dogs with refractory epilepsy and healthy dogs.

Methods

In total, eight dogs, including four healthy dogs and four dogs with epilepsy, were included in the study. Blood samples were collected to analyze Aβ42 levels and perform proteomic profiling. Changes in the plasma proteomic profiles of dogs were determined by nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Results and discussion

The plasma Aβ42 level was significantly higher in dogs with epilepsy (99 pg/mL) than in healthy dogs (5.9 pg/mL). In total, 155 proteins were identified, and of these, the expression of 40 proteins was altered in epilepsy. Among these proteins, which are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, 10 (25%) were downregulated in dogs with epilepsy, whereas 12 (30%) were upregulated. The expression of the acute phase proteins haptoglobin and α2-macroglobulin significantly differed between the groups. Complement factor H and ceruloplasmin were only detected in epilepsy dogs, suggesting that neuroinflammation plays a role in epileptic seizures. Gelsolin, which is involved in cellular processes and cytoskeletal organization, was only detected in healthy dogs. Gene Ontology annotation revealed that epilepsy can potentially interfere with biological processes, including cellular processes, localization, and responses to stimuli. Seizures compromised key molecular functions, including catalytic activity, molecular function regulation, and binding. Defense/immunity proteins were most significantly modified during the development of epilepsy. In Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, complement and coagulation cascades were the most relevant signaling pathways affected by seizures. The findings suggested that haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, α2-macroglobulin, complement factor H, and gelsolin play roles in canine epilepsy and Aβ levels based on proteomic profiling. These proteins could represent diagnostic biomarkers that, after clinical validation, could be used in veterinary practice as well as proteins relevant to disease response pathways. To determine the precise mechanisms underlying these relationships and their implications in canine epilepsy, additional research is required.

Chitosan hydrogel nanoparticle enhance therapeutic effect of bovine umbilical mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium on canine cognitive dysfunction or canine Alzheimer's like mediated by inhibition of neuronal apoptotic

In treating brain diseases, such as canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), most currently available potent drugs have weak therapeutic efficacy. One of the causes is the inability of the substance to reach the brain in therapeutic quantities. These pharmaceuticals lacked targeted mechanisms for drug delivery, coming about in an elevated drug concentration in imperative organs, which drove to drug harmfulness. In recent years, cell-free treatment (conditioned medium) determined from animal and human stem cells has provided new promise for treating brain diseases, as CM can stimulate the regeneration of neurons and prevent the inflammation and apoptotic of neurons caused by pathology or aging. On the other hand, it is well known that chitosan-hydrogel (CH) is a polymer derived from natural sources. It has been authorized for use in biomedical use because of its uncommon biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mucoadhesive properties. CH modification has been utilized to generate nanoparticles (NPs) for intranasal and intravenous brain targeting. NPs shown upgraded drug take-up to the brain with decreased side impacts due to their drawn out contact time with the nasal mucosa, surface charge, nanosize, and capacity to extend the tight intersections inside the mucosa. Due to the aforementioned distinctive characteristics, developing Chitosan Hydrogel Nanoparticles load with bovine umbilical mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium is crucial as a new therapeutic strategy for CCD.