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Gattu R, Ramesh SS, Ramesh S. Role of small molecules and nanoparticles in effective inhibition of microbial biofilms: A ray of hope in combating microbial resistance. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106543. [PMID: 38219923 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms pose a severe threat to global health, as they are associated with deadly chronic infections and antibiotic resistance. To date, very few drugs are in clinical practice that specifically target microbial biofilms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic options targeting biofilm-related infections. In this review, we discuss nearly seventy-five different molecular scaffolds published over the last decade (2010-2023) which have exhibited their biofilm inhibition potential. For convenience, we have classified these into five different sub-groups based on their origin and design (excluding peptides as they are placed in between small molecules and biologics), namely, heterocycles; inorganic small molecules & metal complexes; small molecules decorated nanoparticles; small molecules derived from natural products (both plant and marine sources); and small molecules designed by in-silico approach. These antibiofilm agents are capable of disrupting microbial biofilms and can offer a promising avenue for future developments in human medicine. A hitherto review of this kind will lay a platform for the researchers to find new molecular entities to curb the serious menace of antimicrobial resistance especially caused by biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith Gattu
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore), Ooty Road, Mysuru, 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay S Ramesh
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore), Ooty Road, Mysuru, 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Suhas Ramesh
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (A Recognized Research Centre of University of Mysore), Ooty Road, Mysuru, 570025, Karnataka, India.
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Adardour M, Ait Lahcen M, Oubahmane M, Ettahiri W, Hdoufane I, Bouamama H, Alanazi MM, Cherqaoui D, Taleb M, Garcia EZ, Baouid A. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazole Benzimidazolone Derivatives as Potent Antioxidants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1648. [PMID: 38139775 PMCID: PMC10747449 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we used benzimidazolone as a starting material to efficiently synthesize several hybrid compounds of pyrazole benzimidazolone derivatives by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. These compounds were obtained in average yields and were characterized by NMR (1H and 13C) and HRMS analysis. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds 5(a-c) and 6(a-c) was evaluated using in vitro reduction assays, including ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results indicated that products 5c, 6b, and 6c exhibit higher antioxidant activity compared to the reference compounds and showed a remarkable ability to effectively remove the radical at IC50 (14.00 ± 0.14, 12.47± 0.02, and 12.82 ± 0.10 µM, respectively) under the TAC assessment. Conversely, compound 6c showed excellent activity at IC50 (68.97 ± 0.26 µM) in the FRAP assay. We carried out molecular docking and dynamics simulations to investigate the binding mode and stability of 5c, 6b, and 6c in the active site of human Peroxiredoxin 5. An ADMET study was conducted to determine the drug properties of the synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adardour
- Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, 2390, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (M.A.L.); (M.O.); (W.E.); (I.H.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Marouane Ait Lahcen
- Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, 2390, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (M.A.L.); (M.O.); (W.E.); (I.H.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Mehdi Oubahmane
- Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, 2390, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (M.A.L.); (M.O.); (W.E.); (I.H.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Walid Ettahiri
- Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, 2390, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (M.A.L.); (M.O.); (W.E.); (I.H.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - Ismail Hdoufane
- Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, 2390, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (M.A.L.); (M.O.); (W.E.); (I.H.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Hafida Bouamama
- Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Health Research, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco;
| | - Mohammed M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Driss Cherqaoui
- Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, 2390, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (M.A.L.); (M.O.); (W.E.); (I.H.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
- Sustainable Materials Research Center (SUSMAT-RC), University of Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Benguerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Taleb
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - Elena Zaballos Garcia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Ave. Vte. Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Abdesselam Baouid
- Molecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, 2390, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (M.A.L.); (M.O.); (W.E.); (I.H.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
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Mendogralo EY, Nesterova LY, Nasibullina ER, Shcherbakov RO, Myasnikov DA, Tkachenko AG, Sidorov RY, Uchuskin MG. Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities, and Molecular Docking Investigations of 2-(1 H-Indol-3-yl)-1 H-benzo[ d]imidazole Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:7095. [PMID: 37894573 PMCID: PMC10609029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of many bacterial and fungal infections remains a problem due to increasing antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation by pathogens. In the present article, a methodology for the chemoselective synthesis of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives is presented. We report on the antimicrobial activity of synthesized 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazoles with significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA), Mycobacterium smegmatis (mc(2)155/ATCC 700084), and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. High activity against staphylococci was shown by indolylbenzo[d]imidazoles 3ao and 3aq (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 1 µg/mL) and 3aa and 3ad (MIC 3.9-7.8 µg/mL). A low MIC was demonstrated by 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (3ag) against M. smegmatis and against C. albicans (3.9 µg/mL and 3.9 µg/mL, respectively). 2-(5-Bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-6,7-dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (3aq) showed a low MIC of 3.9 µg/mL against C. albicans. Compounds 3aa, 3ad, 3ao, and 3aq exhibited excellent antibiofilm activity, inhibiting biofilm formation and killing cells in mature biofilms. Molecular docking analysis identified three potential interaction models for the investigated compounds, implicating (p)ppGpp synthetases/hydrolases, FtsZ proteins, or pyruvate kinases in their antibacterial action mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y. Mendogralo
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russia; (E.R.N.); (R.O.S.); (D.A.M.); (R.Y.S.); (M.G.U.)
| | - Larisa Y. Nesterova
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russia; (L.Y.N.); (A.G.T.)
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, The Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva St. 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
| | - Ekaterina R. Nasibullina
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russia; (E.R.N.); (R.O.S.); (D.A.M.); (R.Y.S.); (M.G.U.)
| | - Roman O. Shcherbakov
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russia; (E.R.N.); (R.O.S.); (D.A.M.); (R.Y.S.); (M.G.U.)
| | - Danil A. Myasnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russia; (E.R.N.); (R.O.S.); (D.A.M.); (R.Y.S.); (M.G.U.)
| | - Alexander G. Tkachenko
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russia; (L.Y.N.); (A.G.T.)
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, The Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva St. 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
| | - Roman Y. Sidorov
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russia; (E.R.N.); (R.O.S.); (D.A.M.); (R.Y.S.); (M.G.U.)
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, The Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva St. 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
| | - Maxim G. Uchuskin
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russia; (E.R.N.); (R.O.S.); (D.A.M.); (R.Y.S.); (M.G.U.)
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Marinescu M. Benzimidazole-Triazole Hybrids as Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1220. [PMID: 37508316 PMCID: PMC10376251 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections have attracted the attention of researchers in recent decades, especially due to the special problems they have faced, such as their increasing diversity and resistance to antibiotic treatment. The emergence and development of the SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulated even more research to find new structures with antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Among the heterocyclic compounds with remarkable therapeutic properties, benzimidazoles, and triazoles stand out, possessing antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, or anti-ulcer activities. In addition, the literature of the last decade reports benzimidazole-triazole hybrids with improved biological properties compared to the properties of simple mono-heterocyclic compounds. This review aims to provide an update on the synthesis methods of these hybrids, along with their antimicrobial and antiviral activities, as well as the structure-activity relationship reported in the literature. It was found that the presence of certain groups grafted onto the benzimidazole and/or triazole nuclei (-F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -NO2, -CN, -CHO, -OH, OCH3, COOCH3), as well as the presence of some heterocycles (pyridine, pyrimidine, thiazole, indole, isoxazole, thiadiazole, coumarin) increases the antimicrobial activity of benzimidazole-triazole hybrids. Also, the presence of the oxygen or sulfur atom in the bridge connecting the benzimidazole and triazole rings generally increases the antimicrobial activity of the hybrids. The literature mentions only benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids with antiviral properties. Both for antimicrobial and antiviral hybrids, the presence of an additional triazole ring increases their biological activity, which is in agreement with the three-dimensional binding mode of compounds. This review summarizes the advances of benzimidazole triazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial and antiviral agents covering articles published from 2000 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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Sheikh A, Nadeem H, Khan MT, Saeed A, Murtaza B. Antibacterial Potential of Novel Acetamide Derivatives of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole: Synthesis and Docking Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9785-9796. [PMID: 36969428 PMCID: PMC10035015 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole and its derivatives are widely known for their diverse biological activities, particularly antimicrobial and anticancer potential. In the present study, a series of new hybrid compounds consisting of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and different aryl amines 2(a-j) were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial activities through agar well diffusion assay. Among the series, 2b, 2c, and 2i exhibited significant antibacterial activity comparable to the standard drug levofloxacin. Based on their antibacterial potential, these compounds were further tested for their antibiofilm activity. All of the three compounds showed promising antibiofilm potential, even better than the standard drug cefadroxil at 100 μg/100 μL concentration. Molecular docking studies were performed to explore the antibacterial mechanism of these compounds. Strikingly, the molecule 2i shared the same hydrophobic pockets as those of levofloxacin in case of bacterial kinases and DNA gyrases. In addition, 2i exhibited satisfactory antibiofilm activity in comparison to the standard. Our study therefore suggested that the synthetic compound 2i possesses remarkable antibacterial activity and may serve as a lead molecule for the discovery of potent antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed
Sadiq Sheikh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Nadeem
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Khan
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science
and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Adil Saeed
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Babar Murtaza
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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