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Nazneen, Patra AK, Kolluru SSR, Penchala A, Kumar S, Mishra N, Sree NB, Santra S, Dubey R. Assessment of seasonal variability of PM, BC and UFP levels at a highway toll stations and their associated health risks. Environ Res 2024; 245:118028. [PMID: 38160974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As a part of their occupation, workers at toll stations are exposed to traffic emissions during the working shift, which sometimes stretches to 12 h. To assess the exposure and subsequent health risk of these workers, a study was performed on a highway toll station in India. PM1, PM2.5, PM10, BC and UFP concentration were determined inside a toll collectors' cabin and outside in a free-flowing traffic section (125 m from the toll cabin). The concentrations varied in the following range: PM1 (40.69-226.13 μg m-3), PM2.5 (49.71-247.36 μg m-3), PM10 (83.15-458.14 μg m-3) and BC (2.1-87.5 μg m-3) and UFP: 101-53705 pt cm-3. The mean concentration inside the cabin was 1.34 (PM1), 1.35 (PM2.5), 1.16 (PM10) and 2.91 (BC) times the concentration outside for the summer season. The corresponding levels in the winter season were 1.14 (PM1), 1.11 (PM2.5), 1.11 (PM10), 2.50 (BC) and 1.82 (UFP). In addition to the exhaust emission, the non-exhaust emissions such as resuspension of crustal particles, fly ash and bioaerosols were identified. Using the Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry model for two groups - adults (18-21 years) and adults (21+ years), it was estimated that the pulmonary deposition of in-cabin workers were 50% (PM2.5) -75% (PM1) higher than the workers outside the cabin. Particle mass deposition was found to be higher for adults (21+ years) than adults (18-21 years) for both the seasons. The study quantitatively assessed the health risk faced by the workers in terms of exposure concentration and deposition in respiratory tract. More such studies at different traffic mix and climate can provide better estimates of health risk of toll workers that can be used to devise appropriate strategies for control of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazneen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Aditya Kumar Patra
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Soma Sekhara Rao Kolluru
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Abhishek Penchala
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Sachidanand Kumar
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Namrata Mishra
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Naragam Bhanu Sree
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Samrat Santra
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Ravish Dubey
- Yale School of Environment, Yale University, USA
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Cosemans C, Bongaerts E, Vanbrabant K, Reimann B, Silva AI, Tommelein E, Poma G, Ameloot M, Nawrot TS, Plusquin M. Black carbon particles in human breast milk: assessing infant's exposure. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1333969. [PMID: 38298262 PMCID: PMC10828029 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1333969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Human breast milk is the recommended source of nutrition for infants due to its complex composition and numerous benefits, including a decline in infection rates in childhood and a lower risk of obesity. Hence, it is crucial that environmental pollutants in human breast milk are minimized. Exposure to black carbon (BC) particles has adverse effects on health; therefore, this pilot study investigates the presence of these particles in human breast milk. Methods BC particles from ambient exposure were measured in eight human breast milk samples using a white light generation under femtosecond illumination. The carbonaceous nature of the particles was confirmed with BC fingerprinting. Ambient air pollution exposures (PM2.5, PM10, and NO2) were estimated using a spatial interpolation model based on the maternal residential address. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were obtained to assess the association between human breast milk's BC load and ambient air pollution exposure. Results BC particles were found in all human breast milk samples. BC loads in human breast milk were strongly and positively correlated with recent (i.e., 1 week) maternal residential NO2 (r = 0.79; p = 0.02) exposure and medium-term (i.e., 1 month) PM2.5 (r = 0.83; p = 0.02) and PM10 (r = 0.93; p = 0.002) exposure. Conclusion For the first time, we showed the presence of BC particles in human breast milk and found a robust association with ambient air pollution concentrations. Our findings present a pioneering insight into a novel pathway through which combustion-derived air pollution particles can permeate the delicate system of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cosemans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Eva Bongaerts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Vanbrabant
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Reimann
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ana Inês Silva
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Eline Tommelein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S. Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Vijith AP, Mayya YS, Mishra R, Sapra BK, Karunakara N. PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 size fraction distribution under steady-state conditions in a walk-in type 222Rn calibration chamber facility. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2023; 199:2401-2405. [PMID: 38126869 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of 222Rn progenies, upon their formation, to the atmospheric aerosols and inhalation of these radioactive aerosols causes inhalation dose to the human being. Aerosols have the characteristics of small particle size, long-time suspension and long-distance transmission and easy access to the deep respiratory tract. Aerosols are responsible for viral infection risk such as the recent worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19). Understanding the formation and behaviour of aerosols in a confined environment in various human habitations is essential to combat such detrimental exposures. Experiments have been performed to study the distribution of aerosol size fractions in the walk-in type 222Rn calibration chamber. The real-time applied particle technology monitors (APT-Maxima stationary monitors) were used for the simultaneous measurements of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 size fractions. The variation of the mass densities (μg m-3) of different size fractions at different positions inside the chamber was monitored by placing APTs. The PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 sizes fractions were distributed homogeneously within the chamber volume and the concentration ratios of these fractions were 1:1.5:1.6 for concentration values of < 1500 μg m-3, and 1:7:9 for the concentration values of > 1500 μg m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anidil P Vijith
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalore, 574199, India
| | - Yelia S Mayya
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400094, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Rosaline Mishra
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400094, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Balvinder K Sapra
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Naregundi Karunakara
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalore, 574199, India
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Lara R, Megido L, Suárez-Peña B, Negral L, Fernández-Nava Y, Rodríguez-Iglesias J, Marañón E, Castrillón L. Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on hourly levels of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon at an industrial suburban site in northern Spain. Atmos Environ (1994) 2023; 304:119781. [PMID: 37090909 PMCID: PMC10089665 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown restrictions were established around the world. Many studies have assessed whether these restrictions affected atmospheric pollution. Comparison between them is difficult as the periods of time considered are generally not the same and thus, different conclusions may be reached. Besides, most of them consider mean daily pollutant concentration, despite differences being observed according to the time of day. In this study, the hourly levels of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) in an industrial suburban area in the north of Spain were analysed from May 2019 to June 2020 and compared with those from the literature, using the same period in each case. In general, the highest concentrations were reached when the wind direction came from the southwest (where a steelworks, a coal-fired power plant and other industries are located) and during the night-time, both before and during the lockdown. The highest concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and BC were observed from December to February (on average: 45, 17 and 1.3 μg m-3, respectively). The decrease/increase in those pollutants levels during the lockdown were found to be highly dependent on the period considered. Indeed, PM10 can be found to decrease by up to 39% or increase by 12%; PM2.5 can decrease by 21% or increase by up to 36%; and BC, although it generally decreases (by up to 42%), can increase by 7.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lara
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Laura Megido
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suárez-Peña
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Luis Negral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, C.P 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Yolanda Fernández-Nava
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Iglesias
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Elena Marañón
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Leonor Castrillón
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, Gijón Campus, University of Oviedo, 33203, Gijón, Spain
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Borhani F, Shafiepour Motlagh M, Ehsani AH, Rashidi Y, Ghahremanloo M, Amani M, Moghimi A. Current Status and Future Forecast of Short-lived Climate-Forced Ozone in Tehran, Iran, derived from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations. Water Air Soil Pollut 2023; 234:134. [PMID: 36819757 PMCID: PMC9930078 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distribution and alterations of ozone concentrations in Tehran, Iran, in 2021 were investigated. The impacts of precursors (i.e., CO, NO2, and NO) on ozone were examined using the data collected over 12 months (i.e., January 2021 to December 2021) from 21 stations of the Air Quality Control Company (AQCC). The results of monthly heat mapping of tropospheric ozone concentrations indicated the lowest value in December and the highest value in July. The lowest and highest seasonal concentrations were in winter and summer, respectively. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between ozone and its precursors. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method was then implemented to obtain air pollution zoning maps. Then, ozone concentration modeled by the IDW method was compared with the average monthly change of total column density of ozone derived from Sentinel-5 satellite data in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. A good agreement was discovered despite the harsh circumstances that both ground-based and satellite measurements were subjected to. The results obtained from both datasets showed that the west of the city of Tehran had the highest averaged O3 concentration. In this study, the status of the concentration of ozone precursors and tropospheric ozone in 2022 was also predicted. For this purpose, the Box-Jenkins Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) approach was implemented to predict the monthly air quality parameters. Overall, it was observed that the SARIMA approach was an efficient tool for forecasting air quality. Finally, the results showed that the trends of ozone obtained from terrestrial and satellite observations throughout 2021 were slightly different due to the contribution of the tropospheric ozone precursor concentration and meteorology conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Borhani
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Majid Shafiepour Motlagh
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Amir Houshang Ehsani
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6135 Iran
| | - Yousef Rashidi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghahremanloo
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | - Meisam Amani
- Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Ottawa, ON K2E 7L5 Canada
| | - Armin Moghimi
- Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, K. N Iran
- Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Kim J, Park E, Moon H, Son H, Hong J, Wi E, Kwon JT, Seo DY, Lee H, Kim Y. Estimation of the concentration of nano-carbon black in tire-wear particles using emission factors of PM 10, PM 2.5, and black carbon. Chemosphere 2022; 303:134976. [PMID: 35595106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) from automobile exhaust has drastic effects on human health. The enforcement of environmental laws has controlled vehicle emissions and reduced the total PM. However, another significant source of PM is debris from tire wear, break wear, and road wear. In particular, tire-wear particles (TWPs) are further fragmented into nanoparticles, similar to the PMx or black carbon (BC) sources. As approximately 30 wt% of carbon black (CB) is used as filler in tires, TWPs can fragment into free-bound nano-CB. This study evaluates the emission factors of BC from the ternary plots of PMx and BC to estimate the concentration of nano-CB in TWPs. Based on the emission factors of BC for TWP, approximately 500 monitoring data points were acquired at four different sites. Semi-closed sites in a field measurement test have 2.9-4.0 times larger BC concentration than open sites. The mass concentration of nano-CB evaluated with the BC data and emission factors at the open sites is 22.47-23.96 ng/m3, whereas that at the semi-closed sites is 66.32-90.33 ng/m3. Transmission electron microscopy analysis with scanning mobility particle sizer and selected-area electron diffraction reveals grape-like aggregated nanoparticles, which is considered as CB. To compare the effect of the washing out of airborne particulates by rain, further analysis is conducted on the interior and exterior of the tunnel on a rainy day. While the concentration of PMs was effectively reduced by rainfall, the amount of BC and CB in the interior of a tunnel was not changed. Namely, even under rainfall, nano-CB still exists in the tunnels and thus free-bound CB and nanoparticles released from TWP will be effected on the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisue Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Eunhae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Haejoo Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Eunsoo Wi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kwon
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22733, South Korea
| | - Do Yeon Seo
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22733, South Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22733, South Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea.
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Wang Y, Qi A, Wang P, Tuo X, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Xu P, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zhao T, Wang W, Yang L. Temporal profiles, source analysis, and health risk assessments of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and their derivatives (NPAHs, OPAHs, ClPAHs, and BrPAHs) in PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 from the eastern coastal region of China: Urban coastal area versus coastal background area. Chemosphere 2022; 292:133341. [PMID: 34929283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The eastern coastal region of China is the area with the highest emission of PAHs in China. Therefore, understanding the sources and health risk of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and their derivatives in eastern coastal cities of China is the main basis for air pollution control. In this study, we measured the concentrations of 18 parent PAHs, 17 nitrated PAHs, 7 oxygenated PAHs, 8 chlorinated PAHs, and 13 brominated PAHs in PM1.0 and PM2.5 samples collected at an urban coastal city site and a coastal background site in 2019. We analyzed the temporal distribution, molecular composition, and sources and performed health risk assessments for both winter and summer samples. The average concentration of the PPAHs and their derivatives (all 63 compounds combined) in the PM1.0 samples accounted for 75.57% of the PAHs concentration in PM2.5 samples. The average concentration of PM2.5- and PM1.0- bound PPAHs in winter was 114.70 times higher than in summer, and their derivatives was 27.51 times. Both the combined concentrations of the 18 PPAHs and the combined concentrations of the 45 derivatives were higher in the coastal city compared to the background site during the winter (1.90 and 1.48 times, respectively), but they were comparable during the summer. The positive matrix factorization analysis indicated that the compounds mainly originated from coal/biomass combustion, industrial sources, vehicle emissions, and secondary formation. In addition, the concentration-weighted trajectories model revealed that the PAHs were mainly emitted locally in Shandong Province and surrounding areas, such as Hebei Province, Henan Province, and Bohai Sea. The compounds 1-NPYR, 2+9-BrPHE, 9,10-Cl2PHE, and 1-ClPYR dominantly contributed to the derivatives of TEQ during the winter due to their high concentrations or the high TEFs of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiong Tuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
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Kurihara K, Iwata A, Murray Horwitz SG, Ogane K, Sugioka T, Matsuki A, Okuda T. Contribution of Physical and Chemical Properties to Dithiothreitol-Measured Oxidative Potentials of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles at Urban and Rural Sites in Japan. Atmosphere 2022; 13:319. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dithiothreitol-measured oxidative potential (OPDTT) can chemically quantify the adverse health effects of atmospheric aerosols. Some chemical species are characterized with DTT activities, and the particle diameter and surface area control DTT oxidizability; however, the physical contribution to OPDTT by atmospheric aerosols is controversial. Therefore, we performed field observations and aerosol sampling at urban and rural sites in Japan to investigate the effect of both physical and chemical properties on the variation in OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols. The shifting degree of the representative diameter to the ultrafine range (i.e., the predominance degree of ultrafine particles) was retrieved from the ratio between the lung-deposited surface area and mass concentrations. The chemical components and OPDTT were also elucidated. We discerned strong positive correlations of K, Mn, Pb, NH4+, SO42−, and pyrolyzable organic carbon with OPDTT. Hence, anthropogenic combustion, the iron–steel industry, and secondary organic aerosols were the major emission sources governing OPDTT variations. The increased specific surface area did not lead to the increase in the OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols, despite the existing relevance of the surface area of water-insoluble particles to DTT oxidizability. Overall, the OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols can be estimated by the mass of chemical components related to OPDTT variation, owing to numerous factors controlling DTT oxidizability (e.g., strong contribution of water-soluble particles). Our findings can be used to estimate OPDTT via several physicochemical parameters without its direct measurement.
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Zioła N, Błaszczak B, Klejnowski K. Temporal Variability of Equivalent Black Carbon Components in Atmospheric Air in Southern Poland. Atmosphere 2021; 12:119. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses the air quality in Zabrze (southern Poland) based on the ambient concentrations of equivalent black carbon (eBC). eBC measurement campaigns were carried out from April 2019 to March 2020 using a modern AE33 Aethalometer, accompanied by parallel measurements of gaseous pollutants, PM10 and meteorological parameters. The use of the two-component AE33 model allows for the determination of the eBC from fossil fuel combustion (eBCff) and biomass burning (eBCbb). The obtained results showed a clear seasonal variability of eBC concentrations, with higher average levels in the heating season (4.70 µg·m−3) compared to the non-heating one (1.79 µg·m−3). In both seasons, the eBCff component had a dominant share in total eBC, which indicates significant emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels for heating purposes and from local traffic sources. The obtained results showed high correlation coefficients with gaseous and particulate pollutants, with the strongest relationship for eBC and carbon monoxide (CO). During the non-heating and heating period, both anticyclone and cyclone systems played an important role in shaping eBC, eBCff and eBCbb concentrations. High concentrations of all components occurred with a significant decrease in air temperature and solar radiation in winter.
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Giunta M. Assessment of the Impact of CO, NOx and PM10 on Air Quality during Road Construction and Operation Phases. Sustainability 2020; 12:10549. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The road sector is one of the main sources of air emissions in the atmosphere during both construction and operation. The objective of the present paper is a comprehensive evaluation of the impact on air quality during the two main phases of life cycle of roads. In this case study of a motorway project, the emissions of the primary pollutants, CO, NOx, and PM10 are estimated, and the results showed that (i) CO and NOx pollutants released during both phases are comparable, while the emissions of PM10 are more significant in the construction phase; (ii) 85% of PM10 in construction is due to storage, transit on unpaved road, and crushing; (iii) the portals of the tunnel are the sites where there are higher concentrations of pollutants in operation; and (iv) the CO concentrations estimated by the dispersion model are strongly influenced by the topography.
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Garg A, Gupta NC. Short-term variability on particulate and gaseous emissions induced by fireworks during Diwali celebrations for two successive years in outdoor air of an urban area in Delhi, India. SN Appl Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Liu X, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zhang X, Bendl J, Khedr M, Jakobi G, Schloter-Hai B, Hovorka J, Zimmermann R. Integration of air pollution data collected by mobile measurement to derive a preliminary spatiotemporal air pollution profile from two neighboring German-Czech border villages. Sci Total Environ 2020; 722:137632. [PMID: 32199355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Generally, there are only a few fixed air quality monitoring stations installed in villages or rural areas and only a few studies on small-scale variations in air pollution have been described in detail, which make it difficult to estimate human exposure in such environments and related adverse health effects. Moreover, biomass combustion can be an important source of air pollution in rural areas, comparable to vehicle and industrial emissions in urban planning. And their air pollutants are mainly affected by local sources. For this reason, a survey on rural air pollution was carried out in this study. Therefore, portable, battery-powered monitoring devices were used to measure particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, particle number concentration, and black carbon) in order to study air quality in rural communities. The focus of the investigations was to explore the application of mobile monitoring equipment in small-scale environments, compare the differences in rural air pollutants between two neighboring villages in two countries, and the identification of pollution hotspots. The measurements were carried out in November 2018 in two villages on the German-Czech border. Over a period of four days, 21 mobile measurements along fixed routes were carried out simultaneously at both locations. The analysis of the data revealed significant differences in PN and PM concentrations in rural air pollutants between the two countries. The spatial and temporal distribution of air pollution hotspots in the Czech village was higher than that in the German village. The relationships between the measurement parameters were weak but highly significant and the meteorological parameters can effect air pollution. Overall, the results of this study show that mobile measurements are suitable for effectively recording and distinguishing spatial and temporal characteristics of air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Liu
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China,.
| | - Jan Bendl
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Environment Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Khedr
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schloter-Hai
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environment Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Ma CJ, Kang GU. Air Quality Variation in Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo during the Explosive Outbreak of COVID-19 and Its Health Effects. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17114119. [PMID: 32526996 PMCID: PMC7312860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the variation of the air quality actually measured from the air pollution monitoring stations (AQMS) in three cities (Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo), in Asian countries experiencing the explosive outbreak of COVID-19, in a short period of time. In addition, we made a new attempt to calculate the reduced DosePM2.5 (μg) at the bronchiolar (Br.) and alveolar-interstitial (AI) regions of the 10-year-old children after the city lockdown/self-reflection of each city. A comparison of the average PM2.5 of a month before and after the lockdown (Wuhan) and self-reflection (Daegu and Tokyo) clearly shows that the PM2.5 concentration was decreased by 29.9, 20.9, and 3.6% in Wuhan, Daegu and Tokyo, respectively. Wuhan, Daegu and Tokyo also recorded 53.2, 19.0, and 10.4% falls of NO2 concentration, respectively. Wuhan, which had the largest decrease of PM2.5 concentration due to COVID-19, also marked the largest reduced DosePM2.5 10-year-old children (μg) (3660 μg at Br. and 6222 μg at AI), followed by Daegu (445 μg at Br. and 1287 μg at AI), and Tokyo (18 μg at Br. and 52 μg at AI), over two months after the city lockdown/self-reflection. Our results suggest that the city lockdown/self-reflection had the effect of lowering the concentration of PM2.5, resulting in an extension of the period it took to the acute allergic airway inflammation (AAI) for the 10-year-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Ma
- Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +80-(0)90-9470-9293
| | - Gong-Unn Kang
- Department of Medical Administration, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan 54538, Korea;
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Speranza A, Caggiano R, Summa V. A systematic approach for the comparison of PM 10, PM 2.5, and PM 1 mass concentrations of characteristic environmental sites. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:738. [PMID: 31709457 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the use of a systematic approach in the comparison of simultaneous measurements of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass concentrations using Aitchison geometry. Three case studies in three different Asian cities where the PM coarse, fine, and ultrafine size fraction prevail were investigated and the data was displayed using a dedicated triangular diagram. Simultaneous size-segregated PM measurements, for each case study, were assessed in terms of PM ratios and PM10 levels and were compared to similar measurements reported in literature. Non-central chi-squared distribution quantiles, for each case study, were evaluated and used to investigate the degree of similarity between simultaneous size-segregated PM ratios. Likewise, a comparative number k was used to show the proportion between PM10 levels. The issues relating to the location of the simultaneous size-segregated PM ratios on the triangular diagram were examined and the effects of the non-centrality parameter λ on PM comparison were indicated. The results show that the proposed systematic approach can estimate an explorative quantile (i.e., 2.5%) within which the simultaneous size-segregated PM measurements from one site can be compared with simultaneous size-segregated PM measurements from other sites reported in literature highlighting the existence of possible similarities or correspondences in the kind of sources influencing the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Speranza
- IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja - Zona Industriale, 85050, Tito Scalo, PZ, Italy.
| | - Rosa Caggiano
- IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja - Zona Industriale, 85050, Tito Scalo, PZ, Italy
| | - Vito Summa
- IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja - Zona Industriale, 85050, Tito Scalo, PZ, Italy
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Abstract
A heavy rainstorm occurred in Beijing on 19–20 July 2016. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to investigate the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on precipitation and microphysical processes. Three conditions were simulated by altering the anthropogenic emissions. When the anthropogenic emissions were increased by 10 times, the area-average accumulated rainfall amount and maximum accumulated rainfall amount both decreased. The cloud water mixing ratio increased and the rain mixing ratio decreased. The radii of cloud droplets decreased, and the collision efficiency of cloud water by rain and the autoconversion rate of cloud water into rain were both low. When the anthropogenic emission was 10% of the original emission, the area of accumulated rainfall amounts greater than 25 mm in the Beijing area was 10% larger than those of the other two tests. The collision efficiency and autoconversion rate of cloud water into rain were high for large contact areas and large cloud droplets. The graupel mixing ratio was the largest. Thus, the process of melting of graupel into rain was the largest. In the WRF-Chem model, the aerosols did not participate as ice nuclei (IN) in the ice-phase microphysical processes, and therefore the aerosols could influence only the warm rain processes and mix-phased processes near the freezing level line. For no influence on ice-phase microphysical processes, the snow and ice mixing ratios did not show many differences among the different tests.
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Tran LK, Quang TN, Hue NT, Van Dat M, Morawska L, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Thai PK. Exploratory assessment of outdoor and indoor airborne black carbon in different locations of Hanoi, Vietnam. Sci Total Environ 2018; 642:1233-1241. [PMID: 30045504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a significant component of atmospheric particulate matter, especially in areas affected by combustion emissions. Despite the fact that air pollution is a great concern in Vietnam, there are no studies on the level of BC in the outdoor and indoor environment. In this exploratory study, an assessment of urban BC concentrations was conducted through monitoring of both outdoor and indoor BC concentrations in three households and one working office at different locations across Hanoi. PM2.5 and meteorology data were also obtained for this monitoring period to evaluate the association between them and the outdoor BC concentration. Overall, the mean indoor and mean outdoor BC concentrations by 30 second-logs for the monitoring period were 4.42 μg/m3 and 4.89 μg/m3, respectively. Time-series analysis of paired indoor and outdoor BC concentrations suggested that indoor BC level was usually influenced by outdoor BC level (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). In this study, we observed a significant positive association between outdoor BC and PM2.5 (r = 0.39, p < 0.001) while outdoor BC negatively correlated with wind speed (r = -0.34, p < 0.001). The level of outdoor BC in Hanoi measured in this study is relatively high and should be confirmed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long K Tran
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Tran Ngoc Quang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Hue
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Mac Van Dat
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | | | - Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Lang J, Li S, Cheng S, Zhou Y, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang H. Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Submicron Particles in a City with Heavy Pollution in China. Atmosphere 2018; 9:388. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Submicron particle (PM1) pollution has received increased attention in recent years; however, few studies have focused on such pollution in the city of Shijiazhuang (SJZ), which is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, we conducted an intensive simultaneous sampling of PM1 and PM2.5 in autumn 2016, in order to explore pollution characteristics and sources in SJZ. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were 70.51 μg/m3 and 91.68 μg/m3, respectively, and the average ratio of PM1/PM2.5 was 0.75. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was the dominant component in PM1 (35.9%) and PM2.5 (32.3%). An analysis of haze episodes found that SIA had a significant influence on PM1 pollution, NH4+ promoted the formation of pollution, and SO42− and NO3− presented different chemical mechanisms. Additionally, the results of source apportionment implied that secondary source, biomass burning and coal combustion, traffic, industry, and dust were the major pollution sources for SJZ, accounting for 45.4%, 18.9%, 15.7%, 10.3%, and 9.8% of PM1, respectively, and for 42.4%, 18.8%, 12.2%, 10.2%, and 16.4% of PM2.5, respectively. Southern Hebei, mid-eastern Shanxi, and northern Henan were the major contribution regions during the study period. Three transport pathways of pollutants were put forward, including airflows from Shanxi with secondary source, airflows from the central Beijng–Tianjin–Hebei region with fossil fuel burning source, and airflows from the southern North China Plain with biomass burning source. The systematic analysis of PM1 could provide scientific support for the creation of an air pollution mitigation policy in SJZ and similar regions.
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Mao M, Zhang X, Yin Y. Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutions in Three Metropolises along the Chinese Yangtze River: Situation and Implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E1102. [PMID: 29843447 PMCID: PMC6025567 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The situation of criteria atmospheric pollutants, including particulate matter and trace gases (SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃), over three metropolises (Chongqing, Wuhan, and Nanjing), representing the upstream, midstream and downstream portions of the Yangtze River Basin from September 2015 to August 2016 were analyzed. The maximum annual mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were 61.3 and 102.7 μg/m³ in Wuhan, while highest annual average gaseous pollutions occurred in Nanjing, with 49.6 and 22.9 ppb for 8 h O₃ and NO₂, respectively. Compared to a few years ago, SO₂ and CO mass concentrations have dropped to well below the qualification standards, and the O₃ and NO₂ concentrations basically meet the requirements though occasionally is still high. In contrary, about 13%, 25%, 22% for PM2.5, and 4%, 17%, 15% for PM10 exceed the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) Grade II. Particulate matter, especially PM2.5, is the most frequent major pollutant to poor air quality with 73%, 64% and 88% accounting for substandard days. Mean PM2.5 concentrations on PM2.5 episode days are 2⁻3 times greater than non-episode days. On the basis of calculation of PM2.5/PM10 and PM2.5/CO ratios, the enhanced particulate matter pollution on episode days is closely related to secondary aerosol production. Except for O₃, the remaining five pollutants exhibit analogous seasonal patterns, with the highest magnitude in winter and lowest in summer. The results of back trajectories show that air pollution displays synergistic effects on local emissions and long range transport. O₃ commonly demonstrated negative correlations with other pollutants, especially during winter, while moderate to strong positive correlation between particulate matter and NO₂, SO₂, CO were seen. Compared to pollutant substandard ratios over three megacities in eastern China (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou), the situation in our studied second-tier cities are also severe. The results in this paper provide basic knowledge for pollution status of three cities along Chinese Yangtze River and are conductive to mitigating future negative air quality levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Lu M, Tang X, Wang Z, Gbaguidi A, Liang S, Hu K, Wu L, Wu H, Huang Z, Shen L. Source tagging modeling study of heavy haze episodes under complex regional transport processes over Wuhan megacity, Central China. Environ Pollut 2017; 231:612-621. [PMID: 28843900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wuhan as a megacity of Central China was suffering from severe particulate matter pollution according to previous observation studies, however, the mechanism behind the pollution formation especially the impact of regional chemical transport is still unclear. This study, carried out on the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System (NAQPMS) coupled with an on-line source-tagging module, explores different roles regional transport had in two strong haze episodes over Wuhan in October 2014 and quantitatively assesses the contributions from local and regional sources to PM2.5 concentration. Validation of predictions based on observations shows modeling system good skills in reproducing key meteorological and chemical features. The first short-time haze episode occurred on 12 October under strong northerly winds, with a hourly PM2.5 peak of 180 μg m-3, and was found to be caused primarily by the long-range transport from the northern regions, which contributed 60.6% of the episode's PM2.5 concentration (versus a total of 32.7% from sources in and near Wuhan). The second episode lasted from the 15-20 October under stable regional large-scale synoptic conditions and weak winds, and had an hourly PM2.5 peak of 231.0 μg m-3. In this episode, both the long-distance transport from far regions and short-range transport from the Wuhan-cluster were the primary causes of the haze episode and account for 24.8% and 29.2% of the PM2.5 concentration respectively. Therefore, regional transport acts as a crucial driver of haze pollution over Wuhan through not only long-range transfer of pollutants, but also short-range aerosol movement under specific meteorological conditions. The present findings highlight the important role of regional transport in urban haze formation and indicate that the joint control of multi city-clusters are needed to reduce the particulate pollution level in Wuhan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Lu
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zifa Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Alex Gbaguidi
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ke Hu
- Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wu
- LSCE - CEA/CNRS/UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Huangjian Wu
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhan, China
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Zhang M, Wang L, Gong W, Ma Y, Liu B. Aerosol Optical Properties and Direct Radiative Effects over Central China. Remote Sensing 2017; 9:997. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Ye Z, Li Q, Liu J, Luo S, Zhou Q, Bi C, Ma S, Chen Y, Chen H, Li L, Ge X. Investigation of submicron aerosol characteristics in Changzhou, China: Composition, source, and comparison with co-collected PM 2.5. Chemosphere 2017; 183:176-185. [PMID: 28549323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass concentrations and chemical compositions of submicron particles (PM1) collected during July 2015 to April 2016 in Changzhou, a city in the Yangtze River Delta region, were systematically investigated for the first time. Specifically, an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was employed to characterize the water-soluble organic matter (WSOM). The average concentration of PM1 was 63.6 μg m-3, occupying ∼60% of co-collected PM2.5 mass. Water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) was the most abundant component with secondary ions (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+) as the dominant species. Organic matter (OM) accounted for 21.6% of PM1, with approximately 80% was water-soluble. Trace metals could constitute up to 3.0% of PM1 mass, and Fe, Al and Zn were the three most abundant ones. PAHs were predominated by ones with 5-6 rings, occupying over half of the PAHs mass; further analyses showed that fuel and coal combustion had significant contributions to PAHs. Positive matrix factorization of the WSOM data separated four factors: a traffic-related hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), a local OA (LOA) likely associated with cooking and coal combustion emissions, etc., a secondary nitrogen-enriched OA (NOA) and an oxygenated OA (OOA). PCA analyses showed that crustal source was likely important for PM1 too. Back trajectory results implied that both PM1 and PM2.5 were mainly derived from local/regional emissions. Our findings present results regarding the PM1 chemistry and its relationship with the PM2.5 in Changzhou, which are valuable for the government to make effective policies to reduce the aerosol pollution in and near the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Jiashu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shipeng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Quanfa Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Chenglu Bi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ling Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Zou Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Jin C. Physicochemical properties, in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PM 1.0 and PM 2.5 from Shanghai, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:19508-19516. [PMID: 28681290 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) links with a variety of respiratory diseases. However, compared with coarse particles (PM10) and fine particles (PM2.5), submicrometer particles (PM1.0) may be a more important indicator of human health risks. In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PM1.0 samples from Shanghai were examined using A549 cells, and compared with the effects of PM2.5, to better understand the health effects of PM1.0 in this area. The PM1.0 and PM2.5 samples were characterized for morphology, water-soluble inorganic ions, organic and elemental carbon, and metal elements. The cytotoxicity of PMs was measured using cell viability and cell membrane damage assays. The genotoxic effects of PMs were determined using the comet assay, and DNA damage was quantified using olive tail moment (OTM) values. The physicochemical characterization indicated that PM1.0 was enriched in carbonaceous elements and hazardous metals (Al, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, and V), whereas PM2.5 was more abundant in large, irregular mineral particles. The biological results revealed that both PM1.0 and PM2.5 could induce significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in A549 cells, and that exposure to PM1.0 caused more extensive toxic effects than exposure to PM2.5. The greater cytotoxic effects of PM1.0 can be attributed to the combined effects of size and chemical composition, whereas the genotoxic effects of PM1.0 may be mainly associated with chemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Zou
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yizhao Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yinsheng Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chengyu Jin
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Zhang T, Zhu Z, Gong W, Xiang H, Fang R. Characteristics of Fine Particles in an Urban Atmosphere-Relationships with Meteorological Parameters and Trace Gases. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13080807. [PMID: 27517948 PMCID: PMC4997493 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric fine particles (diameter < 1 μm) attract a growing global health concern and have increased in urban areas that have a strong link to nucleation, traffic emissions, and industrial emissions. To reveal the characteristics of fine particles in an industrial city of a developing country, two-year measurements of particle number size distribution (15.1 nm–661 nm), meteorological parameters, and trace gases were made in the city of Wuhan located in central China from June 2012 to May 2014. The annual average particle number concentrations in the nucleation mode (15.1 nm–30 nm), Aitken mode (30 nm–100 nm), and accumulation mode (100 nm–661 nm) reached 4923 cm−3, 12193 cm−3 and 4801 cm−3, respectively. Based on Pearson coefficients between particle number concentrations and meteorological parameters, precipitation and temperature both had significantly negative relationships with particle number concentrations, whereas atmospheric pressure was positively correlated with the particle number concentrations. The diurnal variation of number concentration in nucleation mode particles correlated closely with photochemical processes in all four seasons. At the same time, distinct growth of particles from nucleation mode to Aitken mode was only found in spring, summer, and autumn. The two peaks of Aitken mode and accumulation mode particles in morning and evening corresponded obviously to traffic exhaust emissions peaks. A phenomenon of “repeated, short-lived” nucleation events have been created to explain the durability of high particle concentrations, which was instigated by exogenous pollutants, during winter in a case analysis of Wuhan. Measurements of hourly trace gases and segmental meteorological factors were applied as proxies for complex chemical reactions and dense industrial activities. The results of this study offer reasonable estimations of particle impacts and provide references for emissions control strategies in industrial cities of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Zhongmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
- College Information Science and Engineering, Wuchang Shouyi University, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Hao Xiang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Ruimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Zhang T, Zhu Z, Gong W, Xiang H, Li Y, Cui Z. Characteristics of Ultrafine Particles and Their Relationships with Meteorological Factors and Trace Gases in Wuhan, Central China. Atmosphere 2016; 7:96. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7080096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang T, Gong W, Zhu Z, Sun K, Huang Y, Ji Y. Semi-Physical Estimates of National-Scale PM10 Concentrations in China Using a Satellite-Based Geographically Weighted Regression Model. Atmosphere 2016; 7:88. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7070088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xu G, Jiao L, Zhao S, Yuan M, Li X, Han Y, Zhang B, Dong T. Examining the Impacts of Land Use on Air Quality from a Spatio-Temporal Perspective in Wuhan, China. Atmosphere 2016; 7:62. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li Y, Meng J, Liu J, Xu Y, Guan D, Tao W, Huang Y, Tao S. Interprovincial Reliance for Improving Air Quality in China: A Case Study on Black Carbon Aerosol. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:4118-4126. [PMID: 26950657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is of global concern because of its adverse effects on climate and human health. It can travel long distances via atmospheric movement and can be geographically relocated through trade. Here, we explored the integrated patterns of BC transport within 30 provinces in China from the perspective of meteorology and interprovincial trade using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model and multiregional input-output analysis. In general, cross-border BC transport, which accounts for more than 30% of the surface concentration, occurs mainly between neighboring provinces. Specifically, Hebei contributes 1.2 μg·m(-3) BC concentration in Tianjin. By contrast, trade typically drives virtual BC flows from developed provinces to heavily industrial provinces, with the largest net flow from Beijing to Hebei (4.2 Gg). Shanghai is most vulnerable to domestic consumption with an average interprovincial consumption influence efficiency of 1.5 × 10(-4) (μg·m(-3))/(billion Yuan·yr(-1)). High efficiencies (∼8 × 10(-5) (μg·m(-3))/(billion Yuan·yr(-1))) are also found from regions including Beijing, Jiangsu, and Shanghai to regions including Hebei, Shandong, and Henan. The above source-receptor relationship indicates two control zones: Huabei and Huadong. Both mitigating end-of-pipe emissions and rationalizing the demand for pollution-intense products are important within the two control zones to reduce BC and other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Geography and Resource Management & Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, the Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Dabo Guan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia , Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
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Huang T, Chen J, Zhao W, Cheng J, Cheng S. Seasonal Variations and Correlation Analysis of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 in Wuhan, 2013. Atmosphere 2016; 7:49. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li H, Fan H, Mao F. A Visualization Approach to Air Pollution Data Exploration—A Case Study of Air Quality Index (PM2.5) in Beijing, China. Atmosphere 2016; 7:35. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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