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Mulliqi E, Khelwatty S, Morgan A, Ashkan K, Modjtahedi H. Synergistic Effects of Neratinib in Combination With Palbociclib or Miransertib in Brain Cancer Cells. World J Oncol 2024; 15:492-505. [PMID: 38751701 PMCID: PMC11092418 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) resulted in approval of several forms of EGFR inhibitors in the treatment of patients with a wide range of epithelial cancers. However, no EGFR inhibitor has yet been approved for the treatment of patients with brain cancer, indicating that targeting EGFR alone may not be sufficient in some patients. Methods In this study, we investigated the role of all members of the EGFR family, other growth factor receptors, cell-cycle proteins, and downstream cell signaling pathways (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), Src, Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (Abl)) on the growth of a panel of human brain cancer cell lines (HBCCLs). We examined the growth response of HBCCLs to treatment with 17 targeted agents compared to two cytotoxic drugs. Results Of the targeted agents, the irreversible pan-human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) inhibitors neratinib and afatinib were more effective than erlotinib and lapatinib at inhibiting the growth of all HBCCLs, and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1/2/5/9 inhibitor dinaciclib was the most potent targeted agent. We found that treatment with Src/Abl/c-kit inhibitor dasatinib, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) inhibitor stattic, Abl/platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR)2/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1 inhibitor ponatinib, and the tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK)/ROS proto-oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS)/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor entrectinib, also inhibited the growth of all HBCCLs. Interestingly, these agents were more effective in inhibiting growth of HBCCLs when proliferating at a slower rate. In addition to inhibiting the proliferation of HBCCLs, treatment with neratinib, dinaciclib, dasatinib, stattic and trametinib inhibited the migration of brain tumor cell line A172. Conclusions Notably, we found that treatment with neratinib in combination with palbociclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor), or miransertib (AKT1/2/3 inhibitor) resulted in synergistic growth inhibition of all HBCCLs. Our results support that repurposing drugs like neratinib in combination with the palbociclib or miransertib may be of therapeutic potential in brain cancer and warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermira Mulliqi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - Said Khelwatty
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - Anna Morgan
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | | | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
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2
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Alberghina C, Torrisi F, D'Aprile S, Longhitano L, Giallongo S, Scandura G, Mannino G, Mele S, Sabini MG, Cammarata FP, Russo G, Abdelhameed AS, Zappalà A, Lo Furno D, Giuffrida R, Li Volti G, Tibullo D, Vicario N, Parenti R. Microglia and glioblastoma heterocellular interplay sustains tumour growth and proliferation as an off-target effect of radiotherapy. Cell Prolif 2024:e13606. [PMID: 38454614 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a WHO grade IV glioma, is a malignant primary brain tumour for which combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the first-line approach despite adverse effects. Tumour microenvironment (TME) is characterized by an interplay of cells and soluble factors holding a critical role in neoplastic development. Significant pathophysiological changes have been found in GBM TME, such as glia activation and oxidative stress. Microglia play a crucial role in favouring GBM growth, representing target cells of immune escape mechanisms. Our study aims at analysing radiation-induced effects in modulating intercellular communication and identifying the basis of protective mechanisms in radiation-naïve GBM cells. Tumour cells were treated with conditioned media (CM) derived from 0, 2 or 15 Gy irradiated GBM cells or 0, 2 or 15 Gy irradiated human microglia. We demonstrated that irradiated microglia promote an increase of GBM cell lines proliferation through paracrine signalling. On the contrary, irradiated GBM-derived CM affect viability, triggering cell death mechanisms. In addition, we investigated whether these processes involve mitochondrial mass, fitness and oxidative phosphorylation and how GBM cells respond at these induced alterations. Our study suggests that off-target radiotherapy modulates microglia to support GBM proliferation and induce metabolic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Alberghina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona D'Aprile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Scandura
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Mele
- Medical Physics Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Sabini
- Medical Physics Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco P Cammarata
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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3
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Dasram MH, Naidoo P, Walker RB, Khamanga SM. Targeting the Endocannabinoid System Present in the Glioblastoma Tumour Microenvironment as a Potential Anti-Cancer Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1371. [PMID: 38338649 PMCID: PMC10855826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The highly aggressive and invasive glioblastoma (GBM) tumour is the most malignant lesion among adult-type diffuse gliomas, representing the most common primary brain tumour in the neuro-oncology practice of adults. With a poor overall prognosis and strong resistance to treatment, this nervous system tumour requires new innovative treatment. GBM is a polymorphic tumour consisting of an array of stromal cells and various malignant cells contributing to tumour initiation, progression, and treatment response. Cannabinoids possess anti-cancer potencies against glioma cell lines and in animal models. To improve existing treatment, cannabinoids as functionalised ligands on nanocarriers were investigated as potential anti-cancer agents. The GBM tumour microenvironment is a multifaceted system consisting of resident or recruited immune cells, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cells, and soluble factors. The immune microenvironment accounts for a substantial volume of GBM tumours. The barriers to the treatment of glioblastoma with cannabinoids, such as crossing the blood-brain barrier and psychoactive and off-target side effects, can be alleviated with the use of nanocarrier drug delivery systems and functionalised ligands for improved specificity and targeting of pharmacological receptors and anti-cancer signalling pathways. This review has shown the presence of endocannabinoid receptors in the tumour microenvironment, which can be used as a potential unique target for specific drug delivery. Existing cannabinoid agents, studied previously, show anti-cancer potencies via signalling pathways associated with the hallmarks of cancer. The results of the review can be used to provide guidance in the design of future drug therapy for glioblastoma tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandile M. Khamanga
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa (R.B.W.)
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4
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Genoud V, Kinnersley B, Brown NF, Ottaviani D, Mulholland P. Therapeutic Targeting of Glioblastoma and the Interactions with Its Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5790. [PMID: 38136335 PMCID: PMC10741850 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour, and it confers a dismal prognosis despite intensive multimodal treatments. Whilst historically, research has focussed on the evolution of GBM tumour cells themselves, there is growing recognition of the importance of studying the tumour microenvironment (TME). Improved characterisation of the interaction between GBM cells and the TME has led to a better understanding of therapeutic resistance and the identification of potential targets to block these escape mechanisms. This review describes the network of cells within the TME and proposes treatment strategies for simultaneously targeting GBM cells, the surrounding immune cells, and the crosstalk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Genoud
- Glioblastoma Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (B.K.)
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2PB, UK
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Translational Research in Onco-Haematology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Glioblastoma Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (B.K.)
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2PB, UK
| | - Nicholas F. Brown
- Glioblastoma Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (B.K.)
- Guy’s Cancer, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 3SS, UK
| | - Diego Ottaviani
- Glioblastoma Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (B.K.)
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2PB, UK
| | - Paul Mulholland
- Glioblastoma Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (B.K.)
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2PB, UK
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5
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Singh S, Barik D, Lawrie K, Mohapatra I, Prasad S, Naqvi AR, Singh A, Singh G. Unveiling Novel Avenues in mTOR-Targeted Therapeutics: Advancements in Glioblastoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14960. [PMID: 37834408 PMCID: PMC10573615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway plays a pivotal and intricate role in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, driving tumorigenesis and proliferation. Mutations or deletions in the PTEN gene constitutively activate the mTOR pathway by expressing growth factors EGF and PDGF, which activate their respective receptor pathways (e.g., EGFR and PDGFR). The convergence of signaling pathways, such as the PI3K-AKT pathway, intensifies the effect of mTOR activity. The inhibition of mTOR has the potential to disrupt diverse oncogenic processes and improve patient outcomes. However, the complexity of the mTOR signaling, off-target effects, cytotoxicity, suboptimal pharmacokinetics, and drug resistance of the mTOR inhibitors pose ongoing challenges in effectively targeting glioblastoma. Identifying innovative treatment strategies to address these challenges is vital for advancing the field of glioblastoma therapeutics. This review discusses the potential targets of mTOR signaling and the strategies of target-specific mTOR inhibitor development, optimized drug delivery system, and the implementation of personalized treatment approaches to mitigate the complications of mTOR inhibitors. The exploration of precise mTOR-targeted therapies ultimately offers elevated therapeutic outcomes and the development of more effective strategies to combat the deadliest form of adult brain cancer and transform the landscape of glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Debashis Barik
- Center for Computational Natural Science and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Karl Lawrie
- College of Saint Benedict, Saint John’s University, Collegeville, MN 56321, USA
| | - Iteeshree Mohapatra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sujata Prasad
- MLM Medical Laboratories, LLC, Oakdale, MN 55128, USA
| | - Afsar R. Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amar Singh
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gatikrushna Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Markov AV, Odarenko KV, Sen'kova AV, Ilyina AA, Zenkova MA. Evaluation of the Antitumor Potential of Soloxolone Tryptamide against Glioblastoma Multiforme Using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo Approaches. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2023; 88:1008-1021. [PMID: 37751870 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792307012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor characterized by uncontrollable diffusive growth, resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy, and a high recurrence rate leading to a low survival rate of patients with GBM. Due to a large number of signaling pathways regulating GBM pathogenesis, one of the promising directions is development of novel anti-glioblastoma compounds based on natural metabolites capable of affecting multiple targets. Here, we investigated the antitumor potential of the semisynthetic triterpenoid soloxolone tryptamide (STA) against human glioblastoma U87 cells. STA efficiently blocked the growth of U87 cells in 2D and 3D cultures, enhanced adhesiveness of tumor cells, and displayed synergistic cytotoxicity with temozolomide. In silico analysis suggested that the anti-glioblastoma activity of STA can be explained by its direct interaction with EGFR, ERBB2, and AKT1 which play an important role in the regulation of GBM malignancy. Along with direct effect on U87 cells, STA normalized tumor microenvironment in murine heterotopic U87 xenograft model by suppressing the development of immature blood vessels and elastin production in the tumor tissue. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that STA can be a novel promising antitumor candidate for GMB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Markov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Kirill V Odarenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V Sen'kova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anna A Ilyina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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7
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Barry A, Samuel SF, Hosni I, Moursi A, Feugere L, Sennett CJ, Deepak S, Achawal S, Rajaraman C, Iles A, Wollenberg Valero KC, Scott IS, Green V, Stead LF, Greenman J, Wade MA, Beltran-Alvarez P. Investigating the effects of arginine methylation inhibitors on microdissected brain tumour biopsies maintained in a miniaturised perfusion system. Lab Chip 2023; 23:2664-2682. [PMID: 37191188 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a post-translational modification that consists of the transfer of one or two methyl (CH3) groups to arginine residues in proteins. Several types of arginine methylation occur, namely monomethylation, symmetric dimethylation and asymmetric dimethylation, which are catalysed by different protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Inhibitors of PRMTs have recently entered clinical trials to target several types of cancer, including gliomas (NCT04089449). People with glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive form of brain tumour, are among those with the poorest quality of life and likelihood of survival of anyone diagnosed with cancer. There is currently a lack of (pre)clinical research on the possible application of PRMT inhibitors to target brain tumours. Here, we set out to investigate the effects of clinically-relevant PRMT inhibitors on GBM biopsies. We present a new, low-cost, easy to fabricate perfusion device that can maintain GBM tissue in a viable condition for at least eight days post-surgical resection. The miniaturised perfusion device enables the treatment of GBM tissue with PRMT inhibitors ex vivo, and we observed a two-fold increase in apoptosis in treated samples compared to parallel control experiments. Mechanistically, we show thousands of differentially expressed genes after treatment, and changes in the type of arginine methylation of the RNA binding protein FUS that are consistent with hundreds of differential gene splicing events. This is the first time that cross-talk between different types of arginine methylation has been observed in clinical samples after treatment with PRMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Barry
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Sabrina F Samuel
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Ines Hosni
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Amr Moursi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - Lauric Feugere
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Srihari Deepak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - Shailendra Achawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - Chittoor Rajaraman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | | | | | - Ian S Scott
- Neuroscience Laboratories, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vicky Green
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - John Greenman
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - Mark A Wade
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
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8
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Hense K, Deuter D, Greenlee MW, Wendl C, Schmidt NO, Stroszczynski C, Doenitz C, Ott C, Rosengarth K. Analysis of Functional Neuroplastic Changes in the Cortical Language System in Relation to Different Growth Patterns of Glioblastoma. Brain Sci 2023; 13:867. [PMID: 37371347 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of fMRI data in glioblastoma (GB) is challenging as these tumors exhibit specific hemodynamic processes which, together with malignancy, tumor volume and proximity to eloquent cortex areas, may lead to misinterpretations of fMRI signals. The aim of this study was to investigate if different radiologically defined GB tumor growth patterns may also influence the fMRI signal, activation pattern and functional connectivity differently. Sixty-four patients with left-hemispheric glioblastoma were included and stratified according to their radiologically defined tumor growth pattern into groups with a uniform (U-TGP) or diffuse tumor growth pattern (D-TGP). Task-based fMRI data were analyzed using SPM12 with the marsbar, LI and CONN toolboxes. The percent signal change and the laterality index were analyzed, as well as functional connectivity between 23 selected ROIs. Comparisons of both patient groups showed only minor non-significant differences, indicating that the tumor growth pattern is not a relevant influencing factor for fMRI signal. In addition to these results, signal reductions were found in areas that were not affected by the tumor underlining that a GB is not a localized but rather a systemic disease affecting the entire brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hense
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Deuter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark W Greenlee
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Wendl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils Ole Schmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Doenitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Ott
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Rosengarth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Yuzhakova DV, Sachkova DA, Shirmanova MV, Mozherov AM, Izosimova AV, Zolotova AS, Yashin KS. Measurement of Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cell Response to Temozolomide Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of NAD(P)H. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:796. [PMID: 37375743 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized strategies in glioblastoma treatment are highly necessary. One of the possible approaches is drug screening using patient-derived tumor cells. However, this requires reliable methods for assessment of the response of tumor cells to treatment. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a promising instrument to detect early cellular response to chemotherapy using the autofluorescence of metabolic cofactors. Here, we explored FLIM of NAD(P)H to evaluate the sensitivity of patient-derived glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ) in vitro. Our results demonstrate that the more-responsive cell cultures displayed the longest mean fluorescence lifetime τm after TMZ treatment due to an increase in the protein-bound NAD(P)H fraction α2 associated with a shift to oxidative phosphorylation. The cell cultures that responded poorly to TMZ had generally shorter τm, i.e., were more glycolytic, and showed no or insignificant changes after treatment. The FLIM data correlate well with standard measurements of cellular drug response-cell viability and proliferation index and clinical response in patients. Therefore, FLIM of NAD(P)H provides a highly sensitive, label-free assay of treatment response directly on patient-derived glioblastoma cells and can become an innovative platform for individual drug screening for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Yuzhakova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Daria A Sachkova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina V Shirmanova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Artem M Mozherov
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna V Izosimova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna S Zolotova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Konstantin S Yashin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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10
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Behrooz AB, Latifi-Navid H, Nezhadi A, Świat M, Los M, Jamalpoor Z, Ghavami S. Molecular mechanisms of microRNAs in glioblastoma pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2023; 1870:119482. [PMID: 37146725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is human's most prevalent and severe brain cancer. Epigenetic regulators, micro(mi)RNAs, significantly impact cellular health and disease because of their wide range of targets and functions. The "epigenetic symphony" in which miRNAs perform is responsible for orchestrating the transcription of genetic information. The discovery of regulatory miRNA activities in GBM biology has shown that various miRNAs play a vital role in disease onset and development. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the current state-of-the-art and latest findings regarding the interactions between miRNAs and molecular mechanisms commonly associated with GBM pathogenesis. Moreover, by literature review and reconstruction of the GBM gene regulatory network, we uncovered the connection between miRNAs and critical signaling pathways such as cell proliferation, invasion, and cell death, which provides promising hints for identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of GBM. In addition, the role of miRNAs in GBM patient survival was investigated. The present review, which contains new analyses of the previous literature, may lead to new avenues to explore in the future for the development of multitargeted miRNA-based therapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Nezhadi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maciej Świat
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Los
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zahra Jamalpoor
- Trauma Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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11
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Cammarata FP, Torrisi F, Vicario N, Bravatà V, Stefano A, Salvatorelli L, D'Aprile S, Giustetto P, Forte GI, Minafra L, Calvaruso M, Richiusa S, Cirrone GAP, Petringa G, Broggi G, Cosentino S, Scopelliti F, Magro G, Porro D, Libra M, Ippolito M, Russo G, Parenti R, Cuttone G. Proton boron capture therapy (PBCT) induces cell death and mitophagy in a heterotopic glioblastoma model. Commun Biol 2023; 6:388. [PMID: 37031346 PMCID: PMC10082834 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive therapeutic regimens, glioblastoma (GBM) represents a deadly brain tumor with significant aggressiveness, radioresistance and chemoresistance, leading to dismal prognosis. Hypoxic microenvironment, which characterizes GBM, is associated with reduced therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, current irradiation approaches are limited by uncertain tumor delineation and severe side effects that comprehensively lead to unsuccessful treatment and to a worsening of the quality of life of GBM patients. Proton beam offers the opportunity of reduced side effects and a depth-dose profile, which, unfortunately, are coupled with low relative biological effectiveness (RBE). The use of radiosensitizing agents, such as boron-containing molecules, enhances proton RBE and increases the effectiveness on proton beam-hit targets. We report a first preclinical evaluation of proton boron capture therapy (PBCT) in a preclinical model of GBM analyzed via μ-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (μPET-CT) assisted live imaging, finding a significant increased therapeutic effectiveness of PBCT versus proton coupled with an increased cell death and mitophagy. Our work supports PBCT and radiosensitizing agents as a scalable strategy to treat GBM exploiting ballistic advances of proton beam and increasing therapeutic effectiveness and quality of life in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Cammarata
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Molecular Preclinical and Translational Imaging Research Center - IMPRonTe, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Bravatà
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefano
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele" Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona D'Aprile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pierangela Giustetto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giusi Irma Forte
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Marco Calvaruso
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Selene Richiusa
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | | | - Giada Petringa
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele" Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Scopelliti
- Radiopharmacy Laboratory Nuclear Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele" Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Porro
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Ippolito
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, Cefalù, Italy.
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Molecular Preclinical and Translational Imaging Research Center - IMPRonTe, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Cuttone
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
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12
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Verma R, Chen X, Xin D, Luo Z, Ogurek S, Xin M, Rao R, Berry K, Lu QR. Olig1/2-Expressing Intermediate Lineage Progenitors Are Predisposed to PTEN/p53-Loss-Induced Gliomagenesis and Harbor Specific Therapeutic Vulnerabilities. Cancer Res 2023; 83:890-905. [PMID: 36634201 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas such as glioblastoma are highly heterogeneous with distinct cells of origin and varied genetic alterations. It remains elusive whether the specific states of neural cell lineages are differentially susceptible to distinct genetic alterations during malignant transformation. Here, an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas databases revealed that comutations of PTEN and TP53 are most significantly enriched in human high-grade gliomas. Therefore, we selectively ablated Pten and Trp53 in different progenitors to determine which cell lineage states are susceptible to malignant transformation. Mice with PTEN/p53 ablation mediated by multilineage-expressing human GFAP (hGFAP) promoter-driven Cre developed glioma but with incomplete penetrance and long latency. Unexpectedly, ablation of Pten and Trp53 in Nestin+ neural stem cells (NSC) or Pdgfra+/NG2+ committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC), two major cells of origin in glioma, did not induce glioma formation in mice. Strikingly, mice lacking Pten and Trp53 in Olig1+/Olig2+ intermediate precursors (pri-OPC) prior to the committed OPCs developed high-grade gliomas with 100% penetrance and short latency. The resulting tumors exhibited distinct tumor phenotypes and drug sensitivities from NSC- or OPC-derived glioma subtypes. Integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses revealed that PTEN/p53-loss induced activation of oncogenic pathways, including HIPPO-YAP and PI3K signaling, to promote malignant transformation. Targeting the core regulatory circuitries YAP and PI3K signaling effectively inhibited tumor cell growth. Thus, our multicell state in vivo mutagenesis analyses suggests that transit-amplifying states of Olig1/2 intermediate lineage precursors are predisposed to PTEN/p53-loss-induced transformation and gliomagenesis, pointing to subtype-specific treatment strategies for gliomas with distinct genetic alterations. SIGNIFICANCE Multiple progenitor-state mutagenesis reveal that Olig1/2-expressing intermediate precursors are highly susceptible to PTEN/p53-loss-mediated transformation and impart differential drug sensitivity, indicating tumor-initiating cell states and genetic drivers dictate glioma phenotypes and drug responses. See related commentary by Zamler and Hu, p. 807.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Verma
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xiameng Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Texas
| | - Dazhuan Xin
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Zaili Luo
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sean Ogurek
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mei Xin
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rohit Rao
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kalen Berry
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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13
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Pérez de la Cruz G, Pérez de la Cruz V, Navarro Cossio J, Vázquez Cervantes GI, Salazar A, Orozco Morales M, Pineda B. Kynureninase Promotes Immunosuppression and Predicts Survival in Glioma Patients: In Silico Data Analyses of the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030369. [PMID: 36986469 PMCID: PMC10051585 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynureninase (KYNU) is a kynurenine pathway (KP) enzyme that produces metabolites with immunomodulatory properties. In recent years, overactivation of KP has been associated with poor prognosis of several types of cancer, in particular by promoting the invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance of cancer cells. However, the role of KYNU in gliomas remains to be explored. In this study, we used the available data from TCGA, CGGA and GTEx projects to analyze KYNU expression in gliomas and healthy tissue, as well as the potential contribution of KYNU in the tumor immune infiltrate. In addition, immune-related genes were screened with KYNU expression. KYNU expression correlated with the increased malignancy of astrocytic tumors. Survival analysis in primary astrocytomas showed that KYNU expression correlated with poor prognosis. Additionally, KYNU expression correlated positively with several genes related to an immunosuppressive microenvironment and with the characteristic immune tumor infiltrate. These findings indicate that KYNU could be a potential therapeutic target for modulating the tumor microenvironment and enhancing an effective antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pérez de la Cruz
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Javier Navarro Cossio
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ignacio Vázquez Cervantes
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Aleli Salazar
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Mario Orozco Morales
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Pineda
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5606-4040
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14
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Torrisi F, D'Aprile S, Denaro S, Pavone AM, Alberghina C, Zappalà A, Giuffrida R, Salvatorelli L, Broggi G, Magro GG, Calabrese V, Vicario N, Parenti R. Epigenetics and Metabolism Reprogramming Interplay into Glioblastoma: Novel Insights on Immunosuppressive Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36829778 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system represents a complex environment in which glioblastoma adapts skillfully, unleashing a series of mechanisms suitable for its efficient development and diffusion. In particular, changes in gene expression and mutational events that fall within the domain of epigenetics interact complexly with metabolic reprogramming and stress responses enacted in the tumor microenvironment, which in turn fuel genomic instability by providing substrates for DNA modifications. The aim of this review is to analyze this complex interaction that consolidates several conditions that confer a state of immunosuppression and immunoevasion, making glioblastoma capable of escaping attack and elimination by immune cells and therefore invincible against current therapies. The progressive knowledge of the cellular mechanisms that underlie the resistance of the glioblastoma represents, in fact, the only weapon to unmask its weak points to be exploited to plan successful therapeutic strategies.
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15
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Trifănescu OG, Trifănescu RA, Mitrică R, Mitrea D, Ciornei A, Georgescu M, Butnariu I, Galeș LN, Șerbănescu L, Anghel RM, Păun MA. Upstaging and Downstaging in Gliomas-Clinical Implications for the Fifth Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020197. [PMID: 36673007 PMCID: PMC9858599 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021, the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO-CNS5) was published as the sixth volume of the international standard for brain and spinal cord tumor classification. The most remarkable practical change in the current classification involves grading gliomas according to molecular characterization. IDH mutant (10%) and IDH wild-type tumors (90%) are two different entities that possess unique biological features and various clinical outcomes regarding treatment response and overall survival. This article presents two comparative cases that highlight the clinical importance of these new classification standards. The first clinical case aimed to provide a comprehensive argument for determining the IDH status in tumors initially appearing as low-grade astrocytoma upon histologic examination, thus underlining the importance of the WHO-CNS5. The second case showed the implications of the histologic overdiagnosis of glioblastoma using the previous classification system with a treatment span of 7 years that proceeded through full-dose re-irradiation up to metronomic therapy. The new WHO-CNS5 classification significantly impacted complex neurooncological cases, thus changing the initial approach to a more precise therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Gabriela Trifănescu
- Department of Oncology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Radiotherapy II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Alexandra Trifănescu
- Department of Endocrinology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “C. I. Parhon” Bucharest Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Mitrică
- Department of Oncology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Radiotherapy II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (D.M.); Tel.: +40-741964311 (R.M.); +40-723226233 (D.M.)
| | - Dan Mitrea
- Radiotherapy II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Neuroaxis Neurology Clinic, 011302 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (D.M.); Tel.: +40-741964311 (R.M.); +40-723226233 (D.M.)
| | - Ana Ciornei
- Radiotherapy II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Georgescu
- Department of Oncology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Radiotherapy II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Butnariu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurenția Nicoleta Galeș
- Department of Oncology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Medical Oncology II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luiza Șerbănescu
- Department of Oncology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Radiotherapy II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Maricela Anghel
- Department of Oncology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Radiotherapy II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai-Andrei Păun
- Radiotherapy II, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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16
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Nasrolahi A, Azizidoost S, Radoszkiewicz K, Najafi S, Ghaedrahmati F, Anbiyaee O, Khoshnam SE, Farzaneh M, Uddin S. Signaling pathways governing glioma cancer stem cells behavior. Cell Signal 2023; 101:110493. [PMID: 36228964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor that develops in the glial tissue. Several studies have identified that glioma cancer stem cells (GCSCs) play important roles in tumor-initiating features in malignant gliomas. GCSCs are a small population in the brain that presents an essential role in the metastasis of glioma cells to other organs. These cells can self-renew and differentiate, which are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of glioma. Therefore, targeting GCSCs might be a novel strategy for the treatment of glioma. Accumulating evidence revealed that several signaling pathways, including Notch, TGF-β, Wnt, STAT3, AKT, and EGFR mediated GCSC growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Besides, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, circular RNAs, and long ncRNAs have been found to play pivotal roles in the regulation of GCSC pathogenesis and drug resistance. Therefore, targeting these pathways could open a new avenue for glioma management. In this review, we summarized critical signaling pathways involved in the stimulation or prevention of GCSCs tumorigenesis and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Anbiyaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
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17
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La Spina E, Giallongo S, Giallongo C, Vicario N, Duminuco A, Parenti R, Giuffrida R, Longhitano L, Li Volti G, Cambria D, Di Raimondo F, Musumeci G, Romano A, Palumbo GA, Tibullo D. Mesenchymal stromal cells in tumor microenvironment remodeling of BCR-ABL negative myeloproliferative diseases. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1141610. [PMID: 36910610 PMCID: PMC9996158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1141610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms encompass the BCR-ABL1-negative neoplasms polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). These are characterized by calreticulin (CALR), myeloproliferative leukemia virus proto-oncogene (MPL) and the tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutations, eventually establishing a hyperinflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Several reports have come to describe how constitutive activation of JAK-STAT and NFκB signaling pathways lead to uncontrolled myeloproliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. In such a highly oxidative TME, the balance between Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) has a crucial role in MPN development. For this reason, we sought to review the current literature concerning the interplay between HSCs and MSCs. The latter have been reported to play an outstanding role in establishing of the typical bone marrow (BM) fibrotic TME as a consequence of the upregulation of different fibrosis-associated genes including PDGF- β upon their exposure to the hyperoxidative TME characterizing MPNs. Therefore, MSCs might turn to be valuable candidates for niche-targeted targeting the synthesis of cytokines and oxidative stress in association with drugs eradicating the hematopoietic clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico La Spina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Duminuco
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Cambria
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alberto Palumbo
- Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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18
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Longhitano L, Giallongo S, Orlando L, Broggi G, Longo A, Russo A, Caltabiano R, Giallongo C, Barbagallo I, Di Rosa M, Giuffrida R, Parenti R, Li Volti G, Vicario N, Tibullo D. Lactate Rewrites the Metabolic Reprogramming of Uveal Melanoma Cells and Induces Quiescence Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24. [PMID: 36613471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM), the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults, is among the tumors with poorer prognosis. Recently, the role of the oncometabolite lactate has become attractive due to its role as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator, as an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation and, of course, as a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The aim of the present study was to dissect in UM cell line (92.1) the role of lactate as either a metabolite or a signaling molecule, using the known modulators of HCAR1 and of lactate transporters. Our results show that lactate (20 mM) resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation and migration, acting and switching cell metabolism toward oxidative phosphorylation. These results were coupled with increased euchromatin content and quiescence in UM cells. We further showed, in a clinical setting, that an increase in lactate transporters MCT4 and HCAR1 is associated with a spindle-shape histological type in UM. In conclusion, our results suggest that lactate metabolism may serve as a prognostic marker of UM progression and may be exploited as a potential therapeutic target.
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19
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Scuderi SA, Filippone A, Basilotta R, Mannino D, Casili G, Capra AP, Chisari G, Colarossi L, Sava S, Campolo M, Esposito E, Paterniti I. GSK343, an Inhibitor of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2, Reduces Glioblastoma Progression through Inflammatory Process Modulation: Focus on Canonical and Non-Canonical NF-κB/IκBα Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213915. [PMID: 36430394 PMCID: PMC9694970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a tumor of the central nervous system characterized by high proliferation and invasiveness. The standard treatment for GB includes radiotherapy and chemotherapy; however, new therapies are needed. Particular attention was given to the role of histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste-homolog-2 (EZH2) in GB. Recently, several EZH2-inhibitors have been developed, particularly GSK343 is well-known to regulate apoptosis and autophagy processes; however, its abilities to modulate canonical/non-canonical NF-κB/IκBα pathways or an immune response in GB have not yet been investigated. Therefore, this study investigated for the first time the effect of GSK343 on canonical/non-canonical NF-κB/IκBα pathways and the immune response, by an in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo model of GB. In vitro results demonstrated that GSK343 treatments 1, 10 and 25 μM significantly reduced GB cell viability, showing the modulation of canonical/non-canonical NF-κB/IκBα pathway activation. In vivo GSK343 reduced subcutaneous tumor mass, regulating canonical/non-canonical NF-κB/IκBα pathway activation and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Ex vivo results confirmed the anti-proliferative effect of GSK343 and also demonstrated its ability to regulate immune response through CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 expression in GB. Thus, GSK343 could represent a therapeutic strategy to counteract GB progression, thanks to its ability to modulate canonical/non-canonical NF-κB/IκBα pathways and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adriana Scuderi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rossella Basilotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Capra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Chisari
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Serena Sava
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Rosa P, De Falco E, Pacini L, Piazza A, Ciracì P, Ricciardi L, Fiorentino F, Trungu S, Miscusi M, Raco A, Calogero A. Next-Generation Sequencing Comparative Analysis of DNA Mutations between Blood-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Matched Cancer Tissue in Patients with Grade 4 Glioblastoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102590. [PMID: 36289852 PMCID: PMC9599233 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological heterogeneity of glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype (GBM, CNS WHO grade 4), the most aggressive type of brain cancer, is a critical hallmark, caused by changes in the genomic mutational asset and influencing clinical progression over time. The understanding and monitoring of the mutational profile is important not only to reveal novel therapeutic targets in this set of patients, but also to ameliorate the clinical stratification of subjects and the prognostic significance. As neurosurgery represents the primary technique to manage GBM, it is of utmost importance to optimize alternative and less invasive methods to monitor the dynamic mutation profile of these patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are included in the liquid biopsy analysis and have emerged as the biological mirror of escaping and surviving mechanisms by many tumors, including glioblastoma. Very few studies have investigated the technical feasibility to detect and analyze the genomic profile by Next-Generation Sequencing (UMI system) in circulating EVs of patients with grade IV glioblastoma. Here, we attempted to characterize and to compare the corresponding matched tissue samples and potential variants with pathogenic significance of the DNA contained in peripheral-blood-derived EVs. The NGS analysis has revealed that patients with grade IV glioblastoma exhibited lesser DNA content in EVs than controls and that, both in EVs and matched cancer tissues, the NF1 gene was consistently mutated in all patients, with the c.2568C>G as the most common pathogenic variant expressed. This study supports the clinical utility of circulating EVs in glioblastoma as an eligible tool for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Rosa
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, C.so Della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, C.so Della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Pacini
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, C.so Della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Amedeo Piazza
- Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciracì
- Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Ricciardi
- Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fiorentino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sokol Trungu
- Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- UO di Neurochirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera Cardinal G. Panico, 73039 Tricase, Italy
| | - Massimo Miscusi
- Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonino Raco
- Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, C.so Della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
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21
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Longhitano L, Broggi G, Giallongo S, Failla M, Puzzo L, Avitabile T, Tibullo D, Distefano A, Pittalà V, Reibaldi M, Zanghì GN, Longo A, Russo A, Caltabiano R, Volti GL, Musso N. Heme Oxygenase-1 Overexpression Promotes Uveal Melanoma Progression and Is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1997. [PMID: 36290720 PMCID: PMC9598584 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults. To date, the main strategies to counteract its progression consist of focal radiation on the tumor site and ocular enucleation. Furthermore, many UM patients develop liver metastasis within 10 years following diagnosis, eventually resulting in a poorer prognosis for those patients. Dissecting the molecular mechanism involved in UM progression may lead to identify novel prognostic markers with significative clinical applications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in regulating UM progression. UM cell lines (92.1) were treated with Hemin (CONC e time), a strong inducer of HO-1, and VP13/47, a selective inhibitor of its enzymatic activity. Interestingly, our results showed an enhanced 92.1 cellular proliferation and wound healing ability following an HO-1 increase, overall unveiling the role played by this protein in tumor progression. Similar results were obtained following treatment with two different CO releasing molecules (CORM-3 and CORM-A1). These results were further confirmed in a clinical setting using our UM cohort. Our results demonstrated an increased median HO-1 expression in metastasizing UM when compared to nonmetastasizing patients. Overall, our results showed that HO-1 derived CO plays a major role in UM progression and HO-1 protein expression may serve as a potential prognostic and therapeutical factor in UM patients.
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Ma K, Chen S, Chen X, Zhao X, Yang J. CD93 is Associated with Glioma-related Malignant Processes and Immunosuppressive Cell Infiltration as an Inspiring Biomarker of Survivance. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2106-2124. [PMID: 36006582 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have confirmed the significance of CD93 in the progression of multiple tumors; however, there are few studies examining its immune properties for gliomas. Here, we methodically investigated the pathophysiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of gliomas. Six hundred ninety-nine glioma patients in TCGA along with 325 glioma patients in CGGA were correspondingly collected for training and validating. We analyzed and visualized total statistics using RStudio. One-way ANOVA and Student's t-test were used to assess groups' differences. All differences were considered statistically significant at the level of P < 0.05. CD93 markedly upregulated among HGG, MGMT promoter unmethylated subforms, IDH wild forms, 1p19q non-codeletion subforms, and mesenchyme type gliomas. ROC analysis illustrated the favorable applicability of CD93 in estimating mesenchyme subform. Kaplan-Meier curves together with multivariable Cox analyses upon survivance identified high-expression CD93 as a distinct prognostic variable for glioma patients. GO analysis of CD93 documented its predominant part in glioma-related immunobiological processes and inflammation responses. We examined the associations of CD93 with immune-related meta-genes, and CD93 positively correlated with HCK, LCK, MHC I, MHC II, STAT1 and IFN, while adverse with IgG. Association analyses between CD93 and gliomas-infiltrating immunocytes indicated that the infiltrating degrees of most immunocytes exhibited positive correlations with CD93, particularly these immunosuppressive subsets such as TAM, Treg, and MDSCs. CD93 is markedly associated with adverse pathology types, unfavorable survival, and immunosuppressive immunocytes infiltration among gliomas, thus identifying CD93 as a practicable marker and a promising target for glioma-based precise diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Rd, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Suhua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Rd, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Rd, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Rd, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, 49 North Garden Rd, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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23
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Vicario N, Parenti R. Connexins Signatures of the Neurovascular Unit and Their Physio-Pathological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9510. [PMID: 36076908 PMCID: PMC9455936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis is closely linked to the delicate balance of the microenvironment in which different cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) coexist. Intercellular communication plays a pivotal role in exchanges of signaling molecules and mediators essential for survival functions, as well as in the removal of disturbing elements that can lead to related pathologies. The specific signatures of connexins (Cxs), proteins which form either gap junctions (GJs) or hemichannels (HCs), represent the biological substrate of the pathophysiological balance. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is undoubtedly one of the most important factors in glia–neuro–vascular crosstalk. Herein, Cxs signatures of every NVU component are highlighted and their critical influence on functional processes in healthy and pathological conditions of nervous microenvironment is reviewed.
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24
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Carota G, Distefano A, Spampinato M, Giallongo C, Broggi G, Longhitano L, Palumbo GA, Parenti R, Caltabiano R, Giallongo S, Di Rosa M, Polosa R, Bramanti V, Vicario N, Li Volti G, Tibullo D. Neuroprotective Role of α-Lipoic Acid in Iron-Overload-Mediated Toxicity and Inflammation in In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1596. [PMID: 36009316 PMCID: PMC9405239 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin and iron overload is considered the major contributor to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury. Accumulation of iron in the brain leads to microglia activation, inflammation and cell loss. Current available treatments for iron overload-mediated disorders are characterized by severe adverse effects, making such conditions an unmet clinical need. We assessed the potential of α-lipoic acid (ALA) as an iron chelator, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in both in vitro and in vivo models of iron overload. ALA was found to revert iron-overload-induced toxicity in HMC3 microglia cell line, preventing cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation and reducing glutathione depletion. Furthermore, ALA regulated gene expression of iron-related markers and inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF. Iron toxicity also affects mitochondria fitness and biogenesis, impairments which were prevented by ALA pre-treatment in vitro. Immunocytochemistry assay showed that, although iron treatment caused inflammatory activation of microglia, ALA treatment resulted in increased ARG1 expression, suggesting it promoted an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We also assessed the effects of ALA in an in vivo zebrafish model of iron overload, showing that ALA treatment was able to reduce iron accumulation in the brain and reduced iron-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation. Our data support ALA as a novel approach for iron-overload-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Carota
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariarita Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A. Palumbo
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bramanti
- Division of Clinical Pathology, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital-A.S.P. Ragusa, 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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25
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Wu M, Shi Y, Zhu L, Chen L, Zhao X, Xu C. Macrophages in Glioblastoma Development and Therapy: A Double-Edged Sword. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12081225. [PMID: 36013403 PMCID: PMC9409650 DOI: 10.3390/life12081225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the leading lethal tumors, featuring aggressive malignancy and poor outcome to current standard temozolomide (TMZ) or radio-based therapy. Developing immunotherapies, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, have improved patient outcomes in other solid tumors but remain fatigued in GBM patients. Emerging evidence has shown that GBM-associated macrophages (GAMs), comprising brain-resident microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages, act critically in boosting tumor progression, altering drug resistance, and establishing an immunosuppressive environment. Based on its crucial role, evaluations of the safety and efficacy of GAM-targeted therapy are ongoing, with promising (pre)clinical evidence updated. In this review, we summarized updated literature related to GAM nature, the interplay between GAMs and GBM cells, and GAM-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwan Wu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Luyi Zhu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luoyi Chen
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinchen Zhao
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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Vriend J, Klonisch T. Genes of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System Qualify as Differential Markers in Malignant Glioma of Astrocytic and Oligodendroglial Origin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1425-1452. [PMID: 35896929 PMCID: PMC10079750 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have mined public genomic datasets to identify genes coding for components of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) that may qualify as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in the three major glioma types, astrocytoma (AS), glioblastoma (GBM), and oligodendroglioma (ODG). In the Sun dataset of glioma (GEO ID: GSE4290), expression of the genes UBE2S and UBE2C, which encode ubiquitin conjugases important for cell-cycle progression, distinguished GBM from AS and ODG. KEGG analysis showed that among the ubiquitin E3 ligase genes differentially expressed, the Notch pathway was significantly over-represented, whereas among the E3 ligase adaptor genes the Hippo pathway was over-represented. We provide evidence that the UPS gene contributions to the Notch and Hippo pathway signatures are related to stem cell pathways and can distinguish GBM from AS and ODG. In the Sun dataset, AURKA and TPX2, two cell-cycle genes coding for E3 ligases, and the cell-cycle gene coding for the E3 adaptor CDC20 were upregulated in GBM. E3 ligase adaptor genes differentially expressed were also over-represented for the Hippo pathway and were able to distinguish classic, mesenchymal, and proneural subtypes of GBM. Also over-expressed in GBM were PSMB8 and PSMB9, genes encoding subunits of the immunoproteasome. Our transcriptome analysis provides a strong rationale for UPS members as attractive therapeutic targets for the development of more effective treatment strategies in malignant glioma. Ubiquitin proteasome system and glioblastoma: E1-ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3-ubiquitin ligase. Ubiquitinated substrates of E3 ligases may be degraded by the proteasome. Expression of genes for specific E2 conjugases, E3 ligases, and genes for proteasome subunits may serve as differential markers of subtypes of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm34, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E0J9, Canada.
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm34, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E0J9, Canada
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Wang H, Lai Q, Wang D, Pei J, Tian B, Gao Y, Gao Z, Xu X. Hedgehog signaling regulates the development and treatment of glioblastoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:294. [PMID: 35949611 PMCID: PMC9353242 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and fatal malignant tumor type of the central nervous system. GBM affects public health and it is important to identify biomarkers to improve diagnosis, reduce drug resistance and improve prognosis (e.g., personalized targeted therapies). Hedgehog (HH) signaling has an important role in embryonic development, tissue regeneration and stem cell renewal. A large amount of evidence indicates that both normative and non-normative HH signals have an important role in GBM. The present study reviewed the role of the HH signaling pathway in the occurrence and progression of GBM. Furthermore, the effectiveness of drugs that target different components of the HH pathway was also examined. The HH pathway has an important role in reversing drug resistance after GBM conventional treatment. The present review highlighted the relevance of HH signaling in GBM and outlined that this pathway has a key role in the occurrence, development and treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Qun Lai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Pei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Baogang Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Yunhe Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
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28
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Mosteiro A, Pedrosa L, Ferrés A, Diao D, Sierra À, González JJ. The Vascular Microenvironment in Glioblastoma: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061285. [PMID: 35740307 PMCID: PMC9219822 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme, the deadliest primary brain tumor, is characterized by an excessive and aberrant neovascularization. The initial expectations raised by anti-angiogenic drugs were soon tempered due to their limited efficacy in improving the overall survival. Intrinsic resistance and escape mechanisms against anti-VEGF therapies evidenced that tumor angiogenesis is an intricate multifaceted phenomenon and that vessels not only support the tumor but exert indispensable interactions for resistance and spreading. This holistic review covers the essentials of the vascular microenvironment of glioblastoma, including the perivascular niche components, the vascular generation patterns and the implicated signaling pathways, the endothelial–tumor interrelation, and the interconnection between vessel aberrancies and immune disarrangement. The revised concepts provide novel insights into the preclinical models and the potential explanations for the failure of conventional anti-angiogenic therapies, leading to an era of new and combined anti-angiogenic-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mosteiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leire Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncological Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.); (D.D.); (À.S.)
| | - Abel Ferrés
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.)
| | - Diouldé Diao
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncological Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.); (D.D.); (À.S.)
| | - Àngels Sierra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncological Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.); (D.D.); (À.S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Juan González
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncological Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.); (D.D.); (À.S.)
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Levallet G, Dubois F, Leclerc A, Petit E, Bekaert L, Faisant M, Creveuil C, Emery E, Zalcman G, Lechapt-Zalcman E. The Use of Pro-Angiogenic and/or Pro-Hypoxic miRNAs as Tools to Monitor Patients with Diffuse Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6042. [PMID: 35682718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase) mutation, hypoxia, and neo-angiogenesis, three hallmarks of diffuse gliomas, modulate the expression of small non-coding RNAs (miRNA). In this paper, we tested whether pro-angiogenic and/or pro-hypoxic miRNAs could be used to monitor patients with glioma. The miRNAs were extracted from tumoral surgical specimens embedded in the paraffin of 97 patients with diffuse gliomas and, for 7 patients, from a blood sample too. The expression of 10 pro-angiogenic and/or pro-hypoxic miRNAs was assayed by qRT-PCR and normalized to the miRNA expression of non-tumoral brain tissues. We confirmed in vitro that IDH in hypoxia (1% O2, 24 h) alters pro-angiogenic and/or pro-hypoxic miRNA expression in HBT-14 (U-87 MG) cells. Then, we reported that the expression of these miRNAs is (i) strongly affected in patients with glioma compared to that in a non-tumoral brain; (ii) correlated with the histology/grade of glioma according to the 2016 WHO classification; and (iii) predicts the overall and/or progression-free survival of patients with glioma in univariate but not in a multivariate analysis after adjusting for sex, age at diagnosis, and WHO classification. Finally, the expression of miRNAs was found to be the same between the plasma and glial tumor of the same patient. This study highlights a panel of seven pro-angiogenic and/or pro-hypoxic miRNAs as a potential tool for monitoring patients with glioma.
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Damanskienė E, Balnytė I, Valančiūtė A, Alonso MM, Stakišaitis D. Different Effects of Valproic Acid on SLC12A2, SLC12A5 and SLC5A8 Gene Expression in Pediatric Glioblastoma Cells as an Approach to Personalised Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050968. [PMID: 35625705 PMCID: PMC9138981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with sex-specific immunomodulatory and anticancer effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 0.5 and 0.75 mM VPA on NKCC1 (SLC12A2), KCC2 (SLC12A5) and SLC5A8 (SLC5A8) co-transporter gene expressions in pediatric PBT24 (boy’s) and SF8628 (girl’s) glioblastoma cells. The SLC12A2, SLC12A5 and SLC5A8 RNA expressions were determined by the RT-PCR method. The SLC12A2 and SLC5A8 expressions did not differ between the PBT24 and SF8628 controls. The SLC12A5 expression in the PBT24 control was significantly higher than in the SF8628 control. VPA treatment significantly increased the expression of SLC12A2 in PBT24 but did not affect SF8628 cells. VPA increased the SLC12A5 expression in PBT24 and SF8628 cells. The SLC12A5 expression of the PBT24-treated cells was significantly higher than in corresponding SF8628 groups. Both VPA doses increased the SLC5A8 expression in PBT24 and SF8628 cells, but the expression was significantly higher in the PBT24-treated, compared to the respective SF8628 groups. The SLC5A8 expression in PBT24-treated cells was 10-fold higher than in SF8628 cells. The distinct effects of VPA on the expression of SLC12A2, SLC12A5 and SLC5A8 in PBT24 and SF8628 glioblastoma cells suggest differences in tumor cell biology that may be gender-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eligija Damanskienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.D.); (I.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Ingrida Balnytė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.D.); (I.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Angelija Valančiūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.D.); (I.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Marta Marija Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Donatas Stakišaitis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.D.); (I.B.); (A.V.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, 08660 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
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