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Chang CW, Tan CH, Hong WP, Yu RL. GBA moderates cognitive reserve's effect on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12374-5. [PMID: 38656622 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) involves an individual's ability to maintain cognitive vitality over their lifespan. Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene mutations contribute to additional effects on cognitive function in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, but the interplay between GBA mutations and CR remains unclear. We investigated the interactions among CR, GBA, and diseases, aiming to examine whether the CR established at different stages interacts with specific genotypes to affect cognitive function. METHODS Three hundred and eighteen participants' CR indicators (i.e., education, occupation, and social function) and comprehensive neuropsychological function (i.e., tests for executive function, attention/working memory, visuospatial function, memory, and language) were evaluated. RESULTS We found that CR established in a specific life stage influences the individual's cognitive function, particularly in PD, based on their distinct GBA rs9628662 genotypes. Attention/working memory and memory performance are affected by occupational complexity in midlife in PD patients with the GG genotype (q < 0.0001; q < 0.0001) and healthy adults with the T genotype (q = 0.0440; q < 0.0001). Language is influenced by early education and occupation, and the effects of occupation are also observed in PD patients with the GG genotype (q = 0.0040) and in healthy adults carrying the T genotype (q = 0.0040). CONCLUSIONS CR, established at different life stages, can be influenced by the GBA rs9628662 genotype, impacting later-life cognition. Validating genotypes and incorporating genotype information when assessing cognitive reserve effects is crucial and can enhance targeted cognitive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Chang
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Pin Hong
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Rwei-Ling Yu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Office of Strategic Planning, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Yi HJ, Tan CH, Hong WP, Yu RL. Development and validation of the geriatric apathy scale: Examining multi-dimensional apathy profiles in a neurodegenerative population with cultural considerations. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 93:103924. [PMID: 38232445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.103924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apathy is a common motivational deficit in neurodegenerative diseases, but lacks a culturally sensitive tool accounting for ethnic Chinese culture's impact on motivation initiation. This study developed and validated the Geriatric Apathy Scale (GAS), comprehensively incorporating cultural nuances, setting diagnostic cutoffs, and examining apathy's multi-dimensional aspects in a neurodegenerative cohort. METHODS The 16-item GAS was developed by considering ethnic Chinese cultural characteristics and conducting a literature review. The study involved 296 participants, comprising 113 with Parkinson's disease (PD), 66 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 117 healthy controls (HC). All participants completed the GAS, Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Mini-Mental State Examination, and Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). RESULTS The GAS showed good internal consistency (r = 0.862) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.767). It correlated moderately with the AES (r = 0.639, p < .001), weakly with GDS-15 (r = 0.166, p < .01), and negatively with ADLs (r = -1.19, p < .05). Clinical diagnosis cutoff scores were identified at 15.5 for PD (sensitivity: 0.789; specificity: 0.693) and 12.5 for AD (sensitivity: 0.821; specificity: 0.632). Noteworthy disparities were observed in the Cognition and Social Motivation dimension, with elevated severity in both PD and AD compared to HC (p < .01). Interestingly, within-group comparisons revealed greater apathy severity in the Cognition and Social Motivation dimension for PD (p < .001) and AD (p = .001) versus Emotional Response and Expression and Spontaneous Behavioral Activation. CONCLUSIONS The GAS, a psychometrically validated scale, assesses apathy in neurodegenerative populations, accounting for ethnic Chinese culture's influence. It establishes clinical cutoff points and explores the multi-dimensional nature of apathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jou Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Pin Hong
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Rwei-Ling Yu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Office of Strategic Planning, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Kalinderi K, Papaliagkas V, Fidani L. Current genetic data on depression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 118:105922. [PMID: 37935601 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting about 1 % of the population over the age of 60 years. PD is characterized by a wide spectrum of symptomatology including not only motor symptoms but non-motor symptoms, as well. Depression is one of the most common non-motor manifestations, and the most frequent neuropsychiatric comorbidity in PD. Neuropsychiatric symptoms like depression and anxiety may precede the appearance of motor features, highlighting their importance in the early detection of the disease and its strategic management. This review discusses the possible genetic background of the development of these neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD patients analyzing current genetic data associated with this clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallirhoe Kalinderi
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Liana Fidani
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Angelopoulou E, Bougea A, Paudel YN, Georgakopoulou VE, Papageorgiou SG, Piperi C. Genetic Insights into the Molecular Pathophysiology of Depression in Parkinson's Disease. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1138. [PMID: 37374342 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder with poorly understood pathological contributing factors. Depression presents one of the most frequent non-motor PD manifestations, and several genetic polymorphisms have been suggested that could affect the depression risk in PD. Therefore, in this review we have collected recent studies addressing the role of genetic factors in the development of depression in PD, aiming to gain insights into its molecular pathobiology and enable the future development of targeted and effective treatment strategies. Materials and Methods: we have searched PubMed and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed research articles published in English (pre-clinical and clinical studies as well as relevant reviews and meta-analyses) investigating the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of PD depression. Results: in particular, polymorphisms in genes related to the serotoninergic pathway (sodium-dependent serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, tryptophan hydrolase-2 gene, TPH2), dopamine metabolism and neurotransmission (dopamine receptor D3 gene, DRD3, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene, ALDH2), neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene, BDNF), endocannabinoid system (cannabinoid receptor gene, CNR1), circadian rhythm (thyrotroph embryonic factor gene, TEF), the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT2 gene, SLC6A15), and PARK16 genetic locus were detected as altering susceptibility to depression among PD patients. However, polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and B (MAOB) genes, catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT), CRY1, and CRY2 have not been related to PD depression. Conclusions: the specific mechanisms underlying the potential role of genetic diversity in PD depression are still under investigation, however, there is evidence that they may involve neurotransmitter imbalance, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as the dysregulation of neurotrophic factors and their downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 46150, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Yao S, Li W, Liu S, Cai Y, Zhang Q, Tang L, Yu S, Jing Y, Yin X, Cheng H. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 polymorphism is associated with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in patients with breast cancer who receive chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5209-5221. [PMID: 36200595 PMCID: PMC10028021 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a common but easily overlooked condition that markedly affects the quality of life (QOL) of patients with breast cancer. The rs671 is a common gene polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in Asia that is involved in aldehyde metabolism and may be closely related to CRCI. However, no study has yet summarised the association between ALDH2 and CRCI. METHODS This study enrolled one hundred and twenty-four patients diagnosed with breast cancer according to the pathology results, genotyped for ALDH2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) to explore these. The mini-mental state exam (MMSE), verbal fluency test (VFT), and digit span test (DST) results were compared in these patients before and after chemotherapy (CT). RESULTS We found that patients with ALDH2 gene genotypes of rs671_GG, rs886205_GG, rs4648328_CC, and rs4767944_TT polymorphisms were more likely to suffer from cognitive impairment during chemotherapy. A trend toward statistical significance was observed for rs671_GG of DST (z = 2.769, p = 0.006), VFT (t = 4.624, P<0.001); rs886205_GG of DST (z = 3.663, P<0.001); rs4648328_CC of DST (z = 2.850, p = 0.004), VFT (t = 3.477, p = 0.001); and rs4767944_TT of DST (z = 2.967, p = 0.003), VFT (t = 2.776, p = 0.008). The cognitive indicators of these patients significantly decreased after chemotherapy (p < 0.05). The difference in ALDH2 rs671 was most obvious. CONCLUSION Our results showed what kinds of ALDH2 genotyped patients that are more likely to develop CRCI. In the future, it may be possible to infer the risk of CRCI by detecting the single-nucleotide locus of ALDH2 that is conducive to strengthening clinical interventions for these patients and improving their QOL. More importantly, this study has important implications for Asian women with breast cancer as ALDH2 rs671 is a common polymorphism in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senbang Yao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shaochun Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yinlian Cai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lingxue Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanyan Jing
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangxiang Yin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huaidong Cheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Cancer and Cognition Laboratory, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Chen YR, Tan CH, Su HC, Chien CY, Sung PS, Lin TY, Lee TL, Yu RL. Investigating the interaction between neuropsychiatry features and daily activities on social function in patients with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e205. [PMID: 36426564 PMCID: PMC9707510 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social functioning is crucial for daily living and is an essential indicator of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. The pattern of social functioning in patients with Parkinson's disease without dementia (i.e. those who are cognitively intact or have mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI)) and its determinants are unclear. AIMS In exploring the heterogeneity of social functioning among patients with Parkinson's disease-associated dementia, we determined the optimal cut-off score of the Parkinson's Disease Social Functioning Scale (PDSFS) for patients with PD-MCI, and the variables influencing patients' social functioning. METHOD A total of 302 participants underwent the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and PDSFS; 120 patients with Parkinson's disease completed the measurements (MMSE, Activities of Daily Living Scale and Neuropsychiatric Inventory). Group comparisons, receiver operating characteristic curves, Spearman correlation and multiple and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS The PD-MCI group scored the lowest on the PDSFS (F = 10.10, P < 0.001). The PDSFS cut-off score was 53 (area under the curve 0.700, sensitivity 0.800, specificity 0.534). The MMSE (β = 0.293, P = 0.002), Activities of Daily Living Scale (β = 0.189, P = 0.028) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (β = -0.216, P = 0.005) scores predicted the PDSFS score. Further, there was an interaction effect between the Activities of Daily Living Scale and Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores on the PDSFS score (β = 0.305, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We determined a PDSFS cut-off score for detecting PD-MCI and found that patients with PD-MCI have social dysfunction. Future research should focus on the effects of neuropsychiatry symptoms and activities of daily living on social functioning, and tailor the intervention programme for patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Chen
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Su
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yao Chien
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Shan Sung
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Lee
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Rwei-Ling Yu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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Yu RL, Wu RM. Mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease: An updated mini-review and future outlook. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:943438. [PMID: 36147702 PMCID: PMC9485585 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.943438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is one of the common non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). MCI is the transition stage between normal aging and full-blown dementia and is also a powerful predictor of dementia. Although the concept of MCI has been used to describe some of the PD symptoms for many years, there is a lack of consistent diagnostic criteria. Moreover, because of the diverse patterns of the cognitive functions, each cognitive impairment will have a different progression. In this review, we overviewed the diagnostic criteria for PD-MCI, primarily focused on the heterogeneity of PD-MCI patients’ cognitive function, including various types of cognitive functions and their progression rates. A review of this topic is expected to be beneficial for clinical diagnosis, early intervention, and treatment. In addition, we also discussed the unmet needs and future vision in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwei-Ling Yu
- College of Medicine, Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ruey-Meei Wu,
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Gao J, Hao Y, Piao X, Gu X. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 as a Therapeutic Target in Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases: Post-Translational Modifications Deserve More Attention. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052682. [PMID: 35269824 PMCID: PMC8910853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has both dehydrogenase and esterase activity; its dehydrogenase activity is closely related to the metabolism of aldehydes produced under oxidative stress (OS). In this review, we recapitulate the enzyme activity of ALDH2 in combination with its protein structure, summarize and show the main mechanisms of ALDH2 participating in metabolism of aldehydes in vivo as comprehensively as possible; we also integrate the key regulatory mechanisms of ALDH2 participating in a variety of physiological and pathological processes related to OS, including tissue and organ fibrosis, apoptosis, aging, and nerve injury-related diseases. On this basis, the regulatory effects and application prospects of activators, inhibitors, and protein post-translational modifications (PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, nitration, ubiquitination, and glycosylation) on ALDH2 are discussed and prospected. Herein, we aimed to lay a foundation for further research into the mechanism of ALDH2 in oxidative stress-related disease and provide a basis for better use of the ALDH2 function in research and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Commentary on: Evaluation of spice and herb as phyto-derived selective modulators of human retinaldehyde dehydrogenases using simple in vitro method. Biosci Rep 2021; 42:230568. [PMID: 34940794 PMCID: PMC8753342 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly known that aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a promising therapeutic target in many diseases. Bui et al. - the authors of the paper I am discussing here (Biosci Rep (2021) 41(5): BSR20210491; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20210491) - point that there is a lack of research on the use of spices and herbs as the sources of naturally occurring modulators of ALDH activity. In order to carry out this type of research, the authors prepared ethanolic extracts of 22 spices and herbs. The main objective of the study was to investigate retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs), of which retinal is the main substrate and ALDH2, the mitochondrial isoform, having acetaldehyde as the main substrate. The obtained results indicated that the tested extracts exhibited differential regulatory effects on RALDHs/ALDH2 and some of them showed a potential selective inhibition of the activity of RALDHs.
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Angelova PR. Sources and triggers of oxidative damage in neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:52-63. [PMID: 34224816 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration describes a group of more than 300 neurological diseases, characterised by neuronal loss and intra- or extracellular protein depositions, as key neuropathological features. Multiple factors play role in the pathogenesis of these group of disorders: mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, calcium dyshomeostasis, metallostasis, defect clearance and renewal mechanisms, to name a few. All these factors, without exceptions, have in common the involvement of immensely increased generation of free radicals and occurrence of oxidative stress, and as a result - exhaustion of the scavenging potency of the cellular redox defence mechanisms. Besides genetic predisposition and environmental exposure to toxins, the main risk factor for developing neurodegeneration is age. And although the "Free radical theory of ageing" was declared dead, it is undisputable that accumulation of damage occurs with age, especially in systems that are regulated by free radical messengers and those that oppose oxidative stress, protein oxidation and the accuracy in protein synthesis and degradation machinery has difficulties to be maintained. This brief review provides a comprehensive summary on the main sources of free radical damage, occurring in the setting of neurodegeneration.
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