Evaluation of Salivary Biomarkers of Periodontal Disease Based on Smoking Status: A Systematic Review

Salivary Biomarkers in Periodontitis: A Scoping Review

Periodontal disease is a prevalent and potentially impactful oral health condition, ranging from gingivitis to severe periodontitis. Early detection and precise management are crucial in modern dentistry due to its prevalence and potential systemic health implications. Traditional clinical assessments and radiographic imaging have been the primary diagnostic tools. However, recent advances in oral diagnostics have introduced the concept of non-invasive, easily accessible salivary biomarkers. This review explores the evolving landscape of salivary biomarkers associated with periodontal disease, offering a comprehensive analysis of recent studies. It delves into the key findings, clinical significance, and potential impact of these biomarkers in revolutionizing periodontal disease diagnostics and treatment monitoring. The study emphasizes their diagnostic and prognostic capabilities, including their ability to assess disease severity, correlate with clinical parameters, aid in early detection, and enhance personalized treatment planning. As the field of oral diagnostics continues to advance, understanding the role of salivary biomarkers in periodontal disease management holds the promise of improving precision and effectiveness in oral healthcare. This review underscores the potential for salivary biomarkers to become integral components of routine periodontal care, offering a minimally invasive and patient-centered approach to oral health management.

Utility of salivary biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring the prognosis of nicotine addiction - A systematic review

Objectives

Tobacco and smoke associated with tobacco comprises of a mixture of more than 9500 chemical compounds, most of which have been identified as harmful. Two of the most potent carcinogens found in cigarette smoke are N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The most commonly used method to detect and monitor nicotine addiction is via serum cotinine levels. Though considered the gold standard, there is a decline in preventive screening and diagnostic testing due to the fear of pain from invasive testing.

Data sources and study selection

A structured literature search was performed using the search engines PubMed and Google scholar following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. The titles and abstracts were retrieved and analysed, followed by full-text relevant data extraction in addition to a risk-of-bias analysis.

Data extraction and synthesis

A total of 37 studies were included in the systematic review. Salivary cotinine levels were compared between smokers and non-smokers, cigarette smokers and water pipe smokers, water pipe smokers and non-smokers. Lactate dehydrogenase salivary levels were compared between smokers and non-smokers, and salivary thiocyanate were compared between smokers and non-smokers.

Conclusions

Identifying biomarkers with high performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity will contribute to accelerating future research in this domain.