1
|
Mahmoudi SK, Tarzemani S, Aghajanzadeh T, Kasravi M, Hatami B, Zali MR, Baghaei K. Exploring the role of genetic variations in NAFLD: implications for disease pathogenesis and precision medicine approaches. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:190. [PMID: 38504356 PMCID: PMC10953212 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases, affecting more than one-quarter of people worldwide. Hepatic steatosis can progress to more severe forms of NAFLD, including NASH and cirrhosis. It also may develop secondary diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Genetic and environmental factors regulate NAFLD incidence and progression, making it a complex disease. The contribution of various environmental risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diet, and sedentary lifestyle, to the exacerbation of liver injury is highly understood. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of genetic variations in the NAFLD occurrence or its deterioration still need to be clarified. Hence, understanding the genetic susceptibility to NAFLD is essential for controlling the course of the disease. The current review discusses genetics' role in the pathological pathways of NAFLD, including lipid and glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, cellular stresses, and immune responses. Additionally, it explains the role of the genetic components in the induction and progression of NAFLD in lean individuals. Finally, it highlights the utility of genetic knowledge in precision medicine for the early diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Kosar Mahmoudi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Shadi Tarzemani
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Taha Aghajanzadeh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Kasravi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Behzad Hatami
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeyakumar SM, Vajreswari A. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1: A potential target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?-perspective on emerging experimental evidence. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:168-179. [PMID: 35126846 PMCID: PMC8790397 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i1.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disease and one of the leading causes of death. An unnamed disease has become a global epidemic disease of public health concern. This spectrum of diseases manifests itself with initial accumulation of excessive triglycerides (due to de novo lipogenesis) in the hepatocytes, leading to simple steatosis. Although its aetiology is multi-factorial, lifestyle changes (diet and physical activity) are considered to be the key thriving factors. In this context, high fructose consumption is associated with an increased risk for developing NAFLD in humans, while high-fructose feeding to experimental animals results in hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, by increasing hepatic lipogenesis. Among several lipogenic genes, the endoplasmic reticulum-bound stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is the key determinant of triglycerides biosynthesis pathway, by providing monounsaturated fatty acids, through the incorporation of a double bond at the delta-9 position of saturated fatty acids, specifically, palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, yielding palmitoleic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1) acids, respectively. Various experimental studies involving SCD1 gene knockout and diet-induced rodent models have demonstrated that SCD1 plays a key role in the development of NAFLD, by modulating hepatic lipogenesis and thus triglyceride accumulation in the liver. Several pharmacological and dietary intervention studies have shown the benefits of inhibiting hepatic SCD1 in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In this review, we give an overview of SCD1 in NAFLD, based on the current experimental evidence and the translational applicability of SCD1 inhibition in human NAFLD conditions, besides discussing the limitations and way-forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Murugaiha Jeyakumar
- Division of Lipid Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|