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Zaiema SEGE, Elwafa MAZMAA, Hassan SGA, El Adwey RHAEF, Ghorab RMM, Galal RESAM. Insight into antiphospholipid syndrome: the role and clinical utility of neutrophils extracellular traps formation. Thromb J 2024; 22:32. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1186/s12959-024-00598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AbstractAntiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) is a systemic immune dysregulation distinguished by repetitive complications and pregnancy loss in the absence of definite etiology. Most research focuses on the laboratory detection and clinical features of APLS, but its precise etiology remains to be deeply explored. NETosis is a newly developed theory in the pathophysiology of APLS which may serve as the missing bridge between coagulation and inflammation reaching the disease progression and severity. We aimed in this study to navigate the prognostic role of NETosis in thrombotic APLS. Our study included 49 newly diagnosed APLS patients (both 1ry and 2ry) who met clinical and laboratory criteria as per the international consensus statement on the update of the classification criteria for definite APLS and were sub-classified according to the occurrence of thrombotic events in thrombotic and non-thrombotic types. In addition, 20 sex and age-matched reactive subjects and 20 sex and age-matched healthy volunteer controls were enrolled. NETosis formation was assessed by measuring serum Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Histones level using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Both MPO and Histones levels were able to discriminate among APLS cases from normal controls, showing significant cutoffs of > 2.09 ng/ml for MPO and > 1.45 ng/ml for Histones (AUC values were 0.987and 1.000, respectively). These values can be used as predictors for NETosis pathophysiology in APLS patients. Additionally, these markers demonstrated a significant association with several prognostic indicators, including thrombosis, higher PT and INR, and lower hemoglobin (Hb) levels which are supposed to be ameliorated by using NETs inhibitors. In conclusion, we suggest that measuring NETosis markers, MPO, and Histones, in the early course of APLS using proposed cutoff values will facilitate the timely initiation of anti-NETosis therapy and improve the overall prognosis, particularly for patients with thrombotic APLS.
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Zaiema SEGE, Elwafa MAZMAA, Hassan SGA, El Adwey RHAEF, Ghorab RMM, Galal RESAM. Insight into antiphospholipid syndrome: the role and clinical utility of neutrophils extracellular traps formation. Thromb J 2024; 22:32. [PMID: 38549083 PMCID: PMC10979549 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-024-00598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) is a systemic immune dysregulation distinguished by repetitive complications and pregnancy loss in the absence of definite etiology. Most research focuses on the laboratory detection and clinical features of APLS, but its precise etiology remains to be deeply explored. NETosis is a newly developed theory in the pathophysiology of APLS which may serve as the missing bridge between coagulation and inflammation reaching the disease progression and severity. We aimed in this study to navigate the prognostic role of NETosis in thrombotic APLS. Our study included 49 newly diagnosed APLS patients (both 1ry and 2ry) who met clinical and laboratory criteria as per the international consensus statement on the update of the classification criteria for definite APLS and were sub-classified according to the occurrence of thrombotic events in thrombotic and non-thrombotic types. In addition, 20 sex and age-matched reactive subjects and 20 sex and age-matched healthy volunteer controls were enrolled. NETosis formation was assessed by measuring serum Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Histones level using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Both MPO and Histones levels were able to discriminate among APLS cases from normal controls, showing significant cutoffs of > 2.09 ng/ml for MPO and > 1.45 ng/ml for Histones (AUC values were 0.987and 1.000, respectively). These values can be used as predictors for NETosis pathophysiology in APLS patients. Additionally, these markers demonstrated a significant association with several prognostic indicators, including thrombosis, higher PT and INR, and lower hemoglobin (Hb) levels which are supposed to be ameliorated by using NETs inhibitors. In conclusion, we suggest that measuring NETosis markers, MPO, and Histones, in the early course of APLS using proposed cutoff values will facilitate the timely initiation of anti-NETosis therapy and improve the overall prognosis, particularly for patients with thrombotic APLS.
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Zhao J, Li Y, Gao C, Zhao Z, Zhang S, Dong J, Zuo H, Chen X, Xie B, Guo Z, Wang Y, Li H, Bian Y. Screening of natural inhibitors against peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 from herbal extracts by a high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-visible based method. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464643. [PMID: 38232639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an important biocatalytic enzymes involved in the conversion of protein arginine to citrulline, its dysregulation has a great impact on many physiological processes. Recently, PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), also known as herbal plants, have gained great attention by the scientific community due to their good therapeutic performance and far fewer side effects observed in the clinical treatment. However, limited researches have been reported to screen natural PAD4 inhibitors from herbal plants. The color developing reagent (COLDER) or fluorescence based methods have been widely used in PAD4 activity assay and inhibitor screening. However, both methods measure the overall absorbance or fluorescence in the reaction solution, which are easy to be affected by the background interference due to colorful extracts from herbal plants. In this study, a simple, and robust high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-visible (HPLC-UV) based method was developed to determine PAD4 activity. The proposed strategy was established based on COLDER principle, while used hydrophilic l-arginine instead of hydrophobic N-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) as a new substrate to determine PAD4 inhibition activity of herbal extracts. The herbal extracts and PAD4 generated hydrophobic l-citrulline were successfully separated by the HPLC, and the developed method was optimized and validated with a known PAD4 inhibitor (GSK484) in comparison with COLDER assay. The IC50 value of GSK484 measured by HPLC-UV method was 153 nM, and the detection limit of the citrulline was 0.5 nmol, respectively, with a linear range of 0.5 nmol to 20 nmol. The IC50 value of the HPLC-UV method was improved by nearly three times compared with COLDER assay (527 nM), and the results indicated the reliability of PAD4 inhibition via HPLC-UV method. The inhibitory effect against PAD4 were fast and accurately screened for the twenty-four extracts from eight herbs. Among them, Ephedra Herba extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against the PAD4 with the IC50 values of three extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate and water) ranging from 29.11 μg/mL to 41.36 μg/mL, which may help researchers to discover novel natural compounds holding high PAD4 inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Chunli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Zeyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Jianhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Haiyue Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Xufei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Binxi Xie
- Chongqing Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Co, Ltd, Chongqing 400060, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475000, PR China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475000, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street 2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Yangyang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China.
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