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Zhang Y, Wu Y, Yan Y, Ma Y, Tu L, Shao J, Tang X, Chen L, Liang G, Yin L. Dual-Targeted Nanoparticle-in-Microparticle System for Ulcerative Colitis Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301518. [PMID: 37660262 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional oral therapy for ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with premature release or degradation of drugs in the harsh gastrointestinal environment, resulting in reduced therapeutic effectiveness. Consequently, the present study aims to develop a dual-targeted delivery system with a nanoparticle-in-microparticle (nano-in-micro) structure. The prepared Asiatic Acid-loaded delivery system (AA/CDM-BT-ALG) has pH-sensitive properties. Cellular uptake evaluation confirms that nanoparticles exhibit targeted absorption by macrophages and Caco-2 cells through mannose (Man) receptor and biotin-mediated endocytosis, respectively. Therefore, this mechanism effectively enhances intracellular drug concentration. Additionally, the biodistribution study conducted on the gastrointestinal tract of mice indicates that the colon of the microspheres group shows higher fluorescence intensity with longer duration than the other groups. This finding indicates that the microspheres exhibit selective accumulation in areas of colon inflammation. In vivo experiments in colitis mice showed that AA/CDM-BT-ALG significantly alleviates the histopathological characteristics of the colon, reduced neutrophil, and macrophage infiltration, and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Furthermore, the effect of AA/CDM-BT-ALG on colitis is validated to be closely related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. The present findings suggest that the development of a dual-targeted delivery system is accomplished effectively, with the potential to serve as a drug-controlled release system for treating UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 182 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 182 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yuping Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 182 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yijing Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 182 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Linglan Tu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Jingjing Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xuanyu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 182 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 182 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 182 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Lina Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 182 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou, 310013, China
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Balzer AHA, Whitehurst CB. An Analysis of the Biotin-(Strept)avidin System in Immunoassays: Interference and Mitigation Strategies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8733-8754. [PMID: 37998726 PMCID: PMC10670868 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunoassay is an analytical test method in which analyte quantitation is based on signal responses generated as a consequence of an antibody-antigen interaction. They are the method of choice for the measurement of a large panel of diagnostic markers. Not only are they fully automated, allowing for a short turnaround time and high throughput, but offer high sensitivity and specificity with low limits of detection for a wide range of analytes. Many immunoassay manufacturers exploit the extremely high affinity of biotin for streptavidin in their assay design architectures as a means to immobilize and detect analytes of interest. The biotin-(strept)avidin system is, however, vulnerable to interference with high levels of supplemental biotin that may cause elevated or suppressed test results. Since this system is heavily applied in clinical diagnostics, biotin interference has become a serious concern, prompting the FDA to issue a safety report alerting healthcare workers and the public about the potential harm of ingesting high levels of supplemental biotin contributing toward erroneous diagnostic test results. This review includes a general background and historical prospective of immunoassays with a focus on the biotin-streptavidin system, interferences within the system, and what mitigations are applied to minimize false diagnostic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H. A. Balzer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Basic Medical Science Building, 15 Dana Rd., Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Christopher B. Whitehurst
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Basic Medical Science Building, 15 Dana Rd., Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Li M, Liu M, Wang X, Wei H, Jin S, Liu X. Comparison of intestinal microbes and metabolites in active VKH versus acute anterior uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2023:bjo-2023-324125. [PMID: 37821210 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-324125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that the gut microbiome is involved in the pathogenesis of uveitis, but the specific pathogenic microbes and metabolites in different types of uveitis are still unclear. METHODS Microbiome and metabolites were detected using 16S ribosomal DNA and LC‒MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) in 45 individuals, including 16 patients with Vogt Koyanagi Harada (VKH), 11 patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and 18 healthy controls. RESULT The diversity of intestinal microbes among the VKH, AAU and control groups was not significantly different. Thirteen specific microbes and 38 metabolites were detected in the VKH group, and 7 metabolites (vanillin, erythro-isoleucine, pyrimidine, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, beta-tocopherol, (-)-gallocatechin and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide) significantly changed only in patients with VKH, which mainly acted on nicotinamide and nicotinamide metabolism and biotin metabolism (p<0.05). Compared with the VKH group, the AAU group had milder intestinal changes. Only 11 specific microbes and 29 metabolites changed in the AAU group, while these metabolites were not specific (p<0.05). These metabolites mainly acted on arachidonic acid metabolism. In addition, three microbes and two metabolites had the same changes in the VKH and AAU groups (p<0.05). Multiple correlations were found between gut microbes and metabolites in the VKH and AAU groups. Six microbes (Pediococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Photobacterium, Gardnerella and Lawsonia) and two metabolites (pyrimidine and gallocatechin) as biomarkers could effectively distinguish patients with VKH from patients with AAU and healthy individuals, with AUC (area under the curve) values greater than 82%. Four microbes (Lentilactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010, Cetobacterium, Liquorilactobacillus) could distinguish patients with AAU from patients with VKH and healthy controls with AUC>76%. CONCLUSION Significant differences in intestinal microbes and metabolites suggest their different roles in the pathogenesis of uveitis entities. Changes in the metabolism of certain B vitamins may be involved in the pathogenesis of VKH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- Ophthalmologic Center of the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Ophthalmologic Center of the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Ophthalmologic Center of the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haihui Wei
- Ophthalmologic Center of the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyan Jin
- Ophthalmologic Center of the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Ophthalmologic Center of the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Gravina AG, Pellegrino R, Palladino G, Coppola A, Brandimarte G, Tuccillo C, Ciardiello F, Romano M, Federico A. Hericium erinaceus, in combination with natural flavonoid/alkaloid and B 3/B 8 vitamins, can improve inflammatory burden in Inflammatory bowel diseases tissue: an ex vivo study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215329. [PMID: 37465689 PMCID: PMC10350490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus, berberine, and quercetin are effective in experimental colitis. It is unknown whether they can ameliorate inflammatory bowel diseases in humans. This ex vivo study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of a nutraceutical compound of HBQ-Complex® (H. erinaceus, berberine, and quercetin), biotin, and niacin in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Tissue specimens were obtained either from Normal-Appearing Mucosa (NAM) or from Inflamed Mucosa (IM) in 20 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. mRNA and protein expression of COX-2, IL-10, and TNF-α were determined in NAM and IM biopsy samples (T0). IM samples were then incubated in HBQ-Complex® (with the addition of niacin and biotin), and COX-2, IL-10, and TNF-α tissue levels were evaluated at 120 minutes (T1) and 180 minutes (T2). Incubation with this compound resulted in a progressive decrease in gene and protein COX-2 and TNF-α expression at T1/T2 in the IM. IL-10 showed an opposite trend, with a progressive increase of mRNA and protein expression over the same time window. HBQ-Complex® (with the addition of niacin and biotin) decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines at the mRNA and protein levels in IBD tissue. On the contrary, mRNA and protein expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 showed a progressive increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pellegrino
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Palladino
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Annachiara Coppola
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Brandimarte
- Division of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Cristo Re Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Tuccillo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Romano
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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Gold SL, Manning L, Kohler D, Ungaro R, Sands B, Raman M. Micronutrients and Their Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Function, Assessment, Supplementation, and Impact on Clinical Outcomes Including Muscle Health. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:487-501. [PMID: 36287025 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Gold
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Manning
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Kohler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Ungaro
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Sands
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Wang H, Liu Z, Yu T, Zhang Y, Jiao Y, Wang X, Du H, Jiang R, Liu D, Xu Y, Guan Q, Lu M. The effect of tuina on ulcerative colitis model mice analyzed by gut microbiota and proteomics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976239. [PMID: 36523844 PMCID: PMC9745952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuina can effectively alleviate ulcerative colitis-related symptoms, but the mechanism of action is unknown. The purpose of this research is to explore potential pathways for the treatment of tuina through gut microbiota and proteomics techniques. Thirty-two male BALB/c mice were divided into four groups, the control, model, mesalazine, and tuina groups. The ulcerative colitis model was established by freely drinking a 3% dextran sulphate sodium solution for 7 days. The mesalazine group and the tuina group, respectively, received 7 days of mesalazine and tuina treatment. Subsequently, their body weights, feces properties, colon length, histomorphological changes, gut microbiota, and colon proteomics were determined. Body weights, disease activity index score, colon histological scores, and microbiota diversity were restored in the tuina group. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was increased and Bacteroidota decreased. At the family level, Lachnospiraceae increased and Prevotellaceae decreased. At the genus level, the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group was increased. Proteomics detected 370 differentially expressed proteins regulated by tuina, enriched to a total of 304 pathways, including biotin metabolism, Notch signaling pathway, linoleic acid metabolism, and autophagy. Tuina can effectively improve the symptoms of weight loss, fecal properties, and colon inflammation in ulcerative colitis mice and restore the gut microbiota diversity, adjusting the relative abundance of microbiota. The therapeutic effects of tuina may be achieved by modulating the signaling pathways of biotin metabolism, Notch signaling pathway, linoleic acid metabolism, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourong Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Tuina and Pain Management Department, Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Yu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jiao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjin Du
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichen Jiang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- Acupuncture Department, Oriental Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Xu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Guan
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqian Lu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Zhan Q, Wang R, Thakur K, Feng JY, Zhu YY, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. Unveiling of dietary and gut-microbiota derived B vitamins: Metabolism patterns and their synergistic functions in gut-brain homeostasis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4046-4058. [PMID: 36271691 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2138263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition-gut cross-talk holds a vital position in sustaining intestinal function, and micronutrient metabolism has emerged as the foremost metabolic pathway to preserve gut homeostasis. Among micronutrients, B vitamins have evolved prior to DNA/RNA and are known for their vital roles for major evolutionary transitions in extant organisms. Despite their universal requirement and critical role, not all the three domains of life are endowed with a natural ability for de novo B vitamins synthesis. The human gut microbiome constitutes prototrophs and auxotroph which are entirely dependent on dietary intake and gut microbial production of B vitamins. The syntrophic metabolism involving cross-feeding of B vitamins and community-wide exchange between commensal bacteria elicit important changes in the diversity and composition of the human gut microbiome. Hereto, we discuss the B-vitamins sharing among prototrophic and auxotrophic gut bacteria, their absorption in small intestine and transport in distal gut, functional role in relation to the gut homeostasis and symptoms linked to their deficiency. We also briefly explore their potential involvement as psychobiotics in brain energetic metabolism (kynurenines/tryptophan pathway) for neurological functions and highlight their deficiency related malfunctioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yu Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
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Gill T, Stauffer P, Asquith M, Laderas T, Martin TM, Davin S, Schleisman M, Ramirez C, Ogle K, Lindquist I, Nguyen J, Planck SR, Shaut C, Diamond S, Rosenbaum JT, Karstens L. Axial spondyloarthritis patients have altered mucosal IgA response to oral and fecal microbiota. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965634. [PMID: 36248884 PMCID: PMC9556278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is an inflammatory arthritis involving the spine and the sacroiliac joint with extra-articular manifestations in the eye, gut, and skin. The intestinal microbiota has been implicated as a central environmental component in the pathogenesis of various types of spondyloarthritis including axSpA. Additionally, alterations in the oral microbiota have been shown in various rheumatological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether axSpA patients have an altered immunoglobulin A (IgA) response in the gut and oral microbial communities. We performed 16S rRNA gene (16S) sequencing on IgA positive (IgA+) and IgA negative (IgA-) fractions (IgA-SEQ) from feces (n=17 axSpA; n=14 healthy) and saliva (n=14 axSpA; n=12 healthy), as well as on IgA-unsorted fecal and salivary samples. PICRUSt2 was used to predict microbial metabolic potential in axSpA patients and healthy controls (HCs). IgA-SEQ analyses revealed enrichment of several microbes in the fecal (Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospira) and salivary (Prevotellaceae, Actinobacillus) microbiome in axSpA patients as compared with HCs. Fecal microbiome from axSpA patients showed a tendency towards increased alpha diversity in IgA+ fraction and decreased diversity in IgA- fraction in comparison with HCs, while the salivary microbiome exhibits a significant decrease in alpha diversity in both IgA+ and IgA- fractions. Increased IgA coating of Clostridiales Family XIII in feces correlated with disease severity. Inferred metagenomic analysis suggests perturbation of metabolites and metabolic pathways for inflammation (oxidative stress, amino acid degradation) and metabolism (propanoate and butanoate) in axSpA patients. Analyses of fecal and salivary microbes from axSpA patients reveal distinct populations of immunoreactive microbes compared to HCs using the IgA-SEQ approach. These bacteria were not identified by comparing their relative abundance alone. Predictive metagenomic analysis revealed perturbation of metabolites/metabolic pathways in axSpA patients. Future studies on these immunoreactive microbes may lead to better understanding of the functional role of IgA in maintaining microbial structure and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejpal Gill
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Tejpal Gill,
| | - Patrick Stauffer
- Casey Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Mark Asquith
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ted Laderas
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tammy M. Martin
- Casey Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sean Davin
- Casey Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Matthew Schleisman
- Casey Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Claire Ramirez
- Casey Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kimberly Ogle
- Casey Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ingrid Lindquist
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Justine Nguyen
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Stephen R. Planck
- Casey Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Carley Shaut
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sarah Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - James T. Rosenbaum
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Casey Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Legacy Devers Eye Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lisa Karstens
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Division of Urogynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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