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Bazzano M, Marchegiani A, La Gualana F, Petriti B, Spaterna A, Laus F. Salivary analysis to unveil the paradigma of stress of domestic horses reared in the wild. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11266. [PMID: 38760454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Horse welfare is the product of multiple factors, including behavioral and physiological adjustments to cope with stressful situation regarding environment and housing condition. Collectively, it is supposed that a horse kept in the wild has a lower level of stress than other housing system, and the aim of the present study was to investigate the level of stress in domestic horses reared in the wild and then moved to human controlled housing, through saliva analysis. Twelve clinically healthy Catria (Italian local breed) mares, usually reared in the wild, were moved into collective paddocks for a folkloric event. Saliva samples were obtained before and after the change of housing condition to evaluate stress biomarkers including salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, and butyrylcholinesterase (BChol). The mares were also scored using the Welfare Aggregation and Guidance (WAG) Tool to highlight the presence of abnormal behaviors. Despite the absence of differences in behavioral scores between wild and paddocks, salivary cortisol and BChol were found to be higher in the wild and lower when mares were moved to paddocks. The highest concentrations in stress biomarkers like salivary cortisol and BChol in the wild was unexpected, but the need for managing hierarchical relationships, and the exposure to feral animals, predators, and weather changes, might explain these findings. The overall results of the present study may provide further knowledge toward stress response in domesticated horses living in the wild moved to human controlled housing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - A Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy.
| | - F La Gualana
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - B Petriti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - A Spaterna
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - F Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
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Adepu S, Lord M, Hugoh Z, Nyström S, Mattsson-Hulten L, Abrahamsson-Aurell K, Lützelschwab C, Skiöldebrand E. Salivary Biglycan-neo-epitope-BGN262: a novel surrogate biomarker for equine osteoarthritic sub-chondral bone sclerosis and to monitor the effect of short-term training and surface arena. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open 2023; 5:100354. [PMID: 36968250 PMCID: PMC10033749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2023.100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to delineate a novel soluble Biglycan Neo-epitope-BGN262 in saliva from young reference and osteoarthritic horses in conjunction with the influence of short-term training exercise, riding surface hardness, circadian rhythm, and feeding on its soluble levels. Design A custom-made inhibition ELISA was used for the quantification of BGN262 in saliva. Cohort 1: A cross-sectional study comprising reference (N = 19) and OA horses (N = 9) with radiographically classified subchondral bone sclerosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the robustness of BGN262. Cohorts 2 (N = 5) & 3 (N = 7): Longitudinal studies of sampling during a short-term training exercise (sand-fibre) and a cross-over design of short-training exercise on 2 different riding arenas (sand and sand-fibre), respectively. Capillary western immunoassay was used to determine the BGN262 molecular size in a selection of saliva samples collected from cohort 1. Results Cohort 1: Salivary BGN262 levels were significantly higher in the OA group. The Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.8304 [0.6386 to 1.022], indicating a good separation from the reference group. Cohorts 2 & 3: Salivary BGN262 levels significantly changed during the exercise on sand and sand-fibre arena, with a trend towards higher levels for sand-fibre. The size of the BGN262 fragment determined by Capillary western assay was 18 kDa. Conclusions The data presented show saliva BGN262 levels as a novel biomarker in evaluating the influence of exercise, and interaction with riding arenas alongside assessing osteoarthritis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Adepu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| | - M. Lord
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Z. Hugoh
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S. Nyström
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L. Mattsson-Hulten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K. Abrahamsson-Aurell
- Hallands Djursjukhus Kungsbacka Hästklinik, Älvsåkers Byväg 20, 434 95 Kungsbacka, Sweden
| | - C. Lützelschwab
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. Skiöldebrand
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang T, Zeng Y, Ma C, Meng J, Wang J, Ren W, Wang C, Yuan X, Yang X, Yao X. Plasma Non-targeted Metabolomics Analysis of Yili Horses Raced on Tracks With Different Surface Hardness. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104197. [PMID: 36572130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the plasma non-targeted metabolomics of Yili horses were characterized before and after exercise on tracks that differed in surface hardness to better understand exercise-related biochemical changes. Blood samples were obtained from eight trained Yili horses before and immediately after exercise. Samples were used for metabolomic analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Q-EXACTIVE mass spectrometry. In total, 938 significantly different metabolites involving sugar, lipid, and amino acid metabolism were detected in the plasma, with significant increases in glucose, glucoheptanoic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and methylmalonic acid and significant decreases in creatinine, D-tryptophan, carnitine, and citric acid after exercise. Among these metabolites, acetylcarnitine, tuliposide, vitamin C, and methylmalonic acid showed regular changes in concentration after exercise on tracks that differed in surface hardness, providing new insights into equine exercise physiology. The findings indicated the potential of vitamin C and methylmalonic acid as novel biomarkers of equine locomotor injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongliang Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Yaqi Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China; Xinjiang Agricultural University Horse Industry Research Institute, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Chaoxin Ma
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Jun Meng
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China; Xinjiang Agricultural University Horse Industry Research Institute, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China; Xinjiang Agricultural University Horse Industry Research Institute, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Wanlu Ren
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Chuankun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Xinxin Yuan
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Xixi Yang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China
| | - Xinkui Yao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China; Xinjiang Agricultural University Horse Industry Research Institute, Urumqi, Xinjinag, China.
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Nam M, Jo SR, Park JH, Kim MS. Evaluation of critical factors in the preparation of saliva sample from healthy subjects for metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 223:115145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Babu AF, Csader S, Männistö V, Tauriainen MM, Pentikäinen H, Savonen K, Klåvus A, Koistinen V, Hanhineva K, Schwab U. Effects of exercise on NAFLD using non-targeted metabolomics in adipose tissue, plasma, urine, and stool. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6485. [PMID: 35444259 PMCID: PMC9019539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which exercise benefits patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease worldwide, remain poorly understood. A non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-based metabolomics analysis was used to identify metabolic changes associated with NAFLD in humans upon exercise intervention (without diet change) across four different sample types—adipose tissue (AT), plasma, urine, and stool. Altogether, 46 subjects with NAFLD participated in this randomized controlled intervention study. The intervention group (n = 21) performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for 12 weeks while the control group (n = 25) kept their sedentary lifestyle. The participants' clinical parameters and metabolic profiles were compared between baseline and endpoint. HIIT significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose concentration (p = 0.027) and waist circumference (p = 0.028); and increased maximum oxygen consumption rate and maximum achieved workload (p < 0.001). HIIT resulted in sample-type-specific metabolite changes, including accumulation of amino acids and their derivatives in AT and plasma, while decreasing in urine and stool. Moreover, many of the metabolite level changes especially in the AT were correlated with the clinical parameters monitored during the intervention. In addition, certain lipids increased in plasma and decreased in the stool. Glyco-conjugated bile acids decreased in AT and urine. The 12-week HIIT exercise intervention has beneficial ameliorating effects in NAFLD subjects on a whole-body level, even without dietary changes and weight loss. The metabolomics analysis applied to the four different sample matrices provided an overall view on several metabolic pathways that had tissue-type specific changes after HIIT intervention in subjects with NAFLD. The results highlight especially the role of AT in responding to the HIIT challenge, and suggest that altered amino acid metabolism in AT might play a critical role in e.g. improving fasting plasma glucose concentration. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03995056).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrin Farizah Babu
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Afekta Technologies Ltd., Yliopistonranta 1L, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanne Csader
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Männistö
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Milla-Maria Tauriainen
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anton Klåvus
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Yliopistonranta 1L, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Koistinen
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Afekta Technologies Ltd., Yliopistonranta 1L, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Life Technologies, Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Afekta Technologies Ltd., Yliopistonranta 1L, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Life Technologies, Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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