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Liana A, Hałuszczuk A, Gawor A, Bulska E. Identification and Structural Characterization of Degradation Products of Linagliptin by Mass Spectrometry Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2591. [PMID: 38473837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As part of the development and production of pharmaceuticals, the purity of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients stands as a fundamental parameter that significantly influences the quality, safety, and efficacy of the final drug product. Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients are various unwanted substances that can appear during the whole manufacturing process, from raw materials to the final product. These impurities can stem from multiple sources, including starting materials, intermediates, reagents, solvents, and even degradation products resulting from exposure to environmental factors such as heat, light, or moisture. Their presence can potentially compromise the therapeutic effect of the drug, introduce unexpected side effects, or even pose safety risks to patients. This study aims to conduct the forced degradation of linagliptin and subsequently attempt to identify the resulting degradants. The degradation procedures were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the International Committee for Harmonization. The degradation profile of linagliptin was investigated under various conditions, including acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, heat, and light exposure, utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography connected to a photo array detector. Identification and characterization of the degradation products were achieved using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a single quadrupole detector mass spectrometer and also a liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identified degradation products demonstrate that linagliptin is particularly susceptible to degradation when exposed to acid and peroxide. Whereas, no significant degradation effects were observed under alkali, thermolytic, and photolytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Liana
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Pharmaceutical Plant Polpharma S.A., Pelpińska 19, 83-200 Starograd Gdański, Poland
| | - Adam Hałuszczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gawor
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Wu Y, Zhao H, Huang H, Zhang D. Mild synthesis of quinazolines from 2,2,2-trichloroethyl imidates and 2–aminophenyl ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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E. Ramya Sucharitha, Kumar NS, Ravinder M, Reddy NV, Narsimha S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Fused [1,2,3]Triazolo[4',5':3,4] pyrrolo[2,1-f]purines as Potent Anti-Proliferative Agents. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Xia R, Wang J, Han Z, Li Z, Mannan MS, Wilhite B. Mechanism study of ammonium nitrate decomposition with chloride impurity using experimental and molecular simulation approach. J Hazard Mater 2019; 378:120585. [PMID: 31128947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fire/explosion due to ammonium nitrate (AN) decomposition poses significant safety hazards which are exacerbated in the presence of salts including potassium chloride (KCl). In this work, key thermal parameters of AN decomposition over a range of KCl mass fraction were experimentally measured using advanced reactive chemical screening tool (ARSST). Based on experimental findings and past literature review, AN/KCl decomposition mechanism was proposed consisting of four separate pathways, specifically, (i) direct AN main decomposition pathway, (ii) indirect AN main decomposition pathway via chlorine radical, (iii) direct pure AN side decomposition pathway and (iv) indirect AN side decomposition pathway via chlorine radical. Gaussian software was used to estimate activation energies for each reaction step involved in the proposed mechanism via density function theory (DFT). The computational chemistry model explained experimental data with good agreement. Both computational and experimental findings confirm that chlorine radical reduce reaction barrier of AN decomposition via indirect pathways (ii) and (iv). As these indirect decomposition pathways are more exothermic than the primary paths (i), (iii), KCl addition not only accelerates AN decomposition but also increases reaction heat release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States; Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhe Han
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States; Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - M Sam Mannan
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States; Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Benjamin Wilhite
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States; Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.
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Heleno Ferreira RB, Duarte JA, Ferreira FD, de Oliveira LFS, Machado MM, Malesuik MD, Paula FR, Steppe M, Schapoval EES, Paim CS. Biological Safety Studies and Simultaneous Determination of Linagliptin and Synthetic Impurities by LC-PDA. J Anal Methods Chem 2019; 2019:7534609. [PMID: 30944754 PMCID: PMC6421826 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7534609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A stability-indicating LC method was developed for quantification of linagliptin (LGT) and three synthetic impurities. The method utilizes a Thermo Scientific® RP-8 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μm) with the PDA detector for quantitation of impurities. A mixture of 0.1% formic acid with pH 3.5 (A) and acetonitrile (B) was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min-1 with gradient elution. The percentage of mobile phase B increases from 30% to 70% over 5 min and decreases from 70% to 30% between 5 and 8 min. The method was validated according to International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The LOD values obtained were 0.0171 μg·mL-1 and 0.015 μg·mL-1 for LGT and impurities, respectively. The LOQ values were 0.06 μg·mL-1 for LGT and impurities. In all cases, the correlation coefficients of LGT and impurities were >0.999, showing the linearity of the method. The % recovery of the LGT and added impurity were in the range of 92.92-99.79%. The precision of the method showed values less than 1.47% for LGT and less than 4.63% for impurities. The robustness was also demonstrated by small modifications in the chromatographic conditions. The selectivity was evidenced because the degradation products formed in stress conditions did not interfere in the determination of LGT and impurities. Toxicity prediction studies suggested toxicity potential of the impurities, which was confirmed using biological safety studies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Balestri Heleno Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Jonathaline Apollo Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica, Toxicologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávio Dias Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Flávio Souza de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica, Toxicologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Michel Mansur Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica, Toxicologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Donadel Malesuik
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica, Toxicologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Fávero Reisdorfer Paula
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Martin Steppe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Clésio Soldateli Paim
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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Yu J, Qiu P, Ke B, Chen H, Zhao C, Zhang F. Identification and Synthesis of Impurities During a Novel Process Development of Rivaroxaban. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical ProcessShanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Peng‐Cheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical ProcessShanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Bin Ke
- China National Medicines Guorui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Huainan China
| | - Hui Chen
- China National Medicines Guorui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Huainan China
| | - Chuan‐Meng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical ProcessShanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Fu‐Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical ProcessShanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
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Huang Y, Lu H, Zhang F, Min C. Identification, isolation, characterization, and UHPLC quantification of potential genotoxic impurities in linagliptin. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3985-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Landge VG, Parveen A, Nandakumar A, Balaraman E. Pd(ii)-Catalyzed gamma-C(sp3)–H alkynylation of amides: selective functionalization of R chains of amides R1C(O)NHR. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7483-7486. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first example of palladium(ii)-catalyzed alkynylation of an unactivated gamma C(sp3)–H bond of alkyl amides (cyclic, linear, and amino acids) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod G. Landge
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL)
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Ayisha Parveen
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL)
- Pune-411008
- India
| | | | - Ekambaram Balaraman
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL)
- Pune-411008
- India
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Abstract
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), also called legumain, is highly expressed in various solid tumors, promoting cancer cell invasion, migration, and metastasis. It has been proposed to be a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for cancer treatment. However, an effective nonpeptide, small-molecule inhibitor against this protease has not yet been identified. Here we show that a family of xanthine derivatives selectively inhibit AEP and suppress matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cleavage, leading to the inhibition of cancer metastasis. Through structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, we obtained an optimized lead compound (38u) that represses breast cancer invasion and migration. Chronic treatment of nude mice, which had been inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells, with inhibitor 38u via oral administration robustly inhibits breast cancer lung metastasis in a dose-dependent manner, associated with blockade of MMP-2 by AEP. Therefore, our study supports that 38u might act as a potent and specific AEP inhibitor useful for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ‡Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Obiamaka Obianyo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ‡Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ‡Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ‡Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shiyong Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ‡Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ‡Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Jadhav SB, Reddy PS, Narayanan KL, Bhosale PN. Development of RP-HPLC, Stability Indicating Method for Degradation Products of Linagliptin in Presence of Metformin HCl by Applying 2 Level Factorial Design; and Identification of Impurity-VII, VIII and IX and Synthesis of Impurity-VII. Sci Pharm 2017; 85:scipharm85030025. [PMID: 28653975 PMCID: PMC5620513 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm85030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), stability indicating method was developed for determination of linagliptin (LGP) and its related substances in linagliptin and metformin HCl (MET HCl) tablets by implementing design of experiment to understand the critical method parameters and their relation with critical method attributes; to ensure robustness of the method. The separation of nine specified impurities was achieved with a Zorbax SB-Aq 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm column, using gradient elution and a detector wavelength of 225 nm, and validated in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and found to be accurate, precise, reproducible, robust, and specific. The drug was found to be degrading extensively in heat, humidity, basic, and oxidation conditions and was forming degradation products during stability studies. After slight modification in the buffer and the column, the same method was used for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography -time-of-flight/mass spectrometry UPLC-TOF/MS analysis, to identify m/z and fragmentation of maximum unspecified degradation products i.e., Impurity-VII (7), Impurity-VIII (8), and Impurity-IX (9) formed during stability studies. Based on the results, a degradation pathway for the drug has been proposed and synthesis of Impurity-VII (7) is also discussed to ensure an in-depth understanding of LGP and its related degradation products and optimum performance during the lifetime of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant B Jadhav
- Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500 090, Telangana, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, Maharashtra, India.
| | - P Sunil Reddy
- Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500 090, Telangana, India.
| | - Kalyanaraman L Narayanan
- Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Hyderabad 500 090, Telangana, India.
| | - Popatrao N Bhosale
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, Maharashtra, India.
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