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Gaburjakova J, Gaburjakova M. Molecular Aspects Implicated in Dantrolene Selectivity with Respect to Ryanodine Receptor Isoforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5409. [PMID: 36982484 PMCID: PMC10049336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dantrolene is an intra-cellularly acting skeletal muscle relaxant used for the treatment of the rare genetic disorder, malignant hyperthermia (MH). In most cases, MH susceptibility is caused by dysfunction of the skeletal ryanodine receptor (RyR1) harboring one of nearly 230 single-point MH mutations. The therapeutic effect of dantrolene is the result of a direct inhibitory action on the RyR1 channel, thus suppressing aberrant Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Despite the almost identical dantrolene-binding sequence exits in all three mammalian RyR isoforms, dantrolene appears to be an isoform-selective inhibitor. Whereas RyR1 and RyR3 channels are competent to bind dantrolene, the RyR2 channel, predominantly expressed in the heart, is unresponsive. However, a large body of evidence suggests that the RyR2 channel becomes sensitive to dantrolene-mediated inhibition under certain pathological conditions. Although a consistent picture of the dantrolene effect emerges from in vivo studies, in vitro results are often contradictory. Hence, our goal in this perspective is to provide the best possible clues to the molecular mechanism of dantrolene’s action on RyR isoforms by identifying and discussing potential sources of conflicting results, mainly coming from cell-free experiments. Moreover, we propose that, specifically in the case of the RyR2 channel, its phosphorylation could be implicated in acquiring the channel responsiveness to dantrolene inhibition, interpreting functional findings in the structural context.
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Campiglio M, Dyrda A, Tuinte WE, Török E. Ca V1.1 Calcium Channel Signaling Complexes in Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Insights from Channelopathies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 279:3-39. [PMID: 36592225 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, excitation-contraction (EC) coupling relies on the mechanical coupling between two ion channels: the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV1.1), located in the sarcolemma and functioning as the voltage sensor of EC coupling, and the ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1), located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum serving as the calcium release channel. To this day, the molecular mechanism by which these two ion channels are linked remains elusive. However, recently, skeletal muscle EC coupling could be reconstituted in heterologous cells, revealing that only four proteins are essential for this process: CaV1.1, RyR1, and the cytosolic proteins CaVβ1a and STAC3. Due to the crucial role of these proteins in skeletal muscle EC coupling, any mutation that affects any one of these proteins can have devastating consequences, resulting in congenital myopathies and other pathologies.Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning these four essential proteins and discuss the pathophysiology of the CaV1.1, RyR1, and STAC3-related skeletal muscle diseases with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms. Being part of the same signalosome, mutations in different proteins often result in congenital myopathies with similar symptoms or even in the same disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campiglio
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Agnieszka Dyrda
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wietske E Tuinte
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Enikő Török
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Fan W, Sun X, Yang C, Wan J, Luo H, Liao B. Pacemaker activity and ion channels in the sinoatrial node cells: MicroRNAs and arrhythmia. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2023; 177:151-167. [PMID: 36450332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary pacemaking activity of the heart is determined by a spontaneous action potential (AP) within sinoatrial node (SAN) cells. This unique AP generation relies on two mechanisms: membrane clocks and calcium clocks. Nonhomologous arrhythmias are caused by several functional and structural changes in the myocardium. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression in cardiomyocytes. These miRNAs play a vital role in regulating the stability of cardiac conduction and in the remodeling process that leads to arrhythmias. Although it remains unclear how miRNAs regulate the expression and function of ion channels in the heart, these regulatory mechanisms may support the development of emerging therapies. This study discusses the spread and generation of AP in the SAN as well as the regulation of miRNAs and individual ion channels. Arrhythmogenicity studies on ion channels will provide a research basis for miRNA modulation as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Juyi Wan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.
| | - Hongli Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.
| | - Bin Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.
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Abstract
Flecainide, a cardiac class 1C blocker of the surface membrane sodium channel (NaV1.5), has also been reported to reduce cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2)-mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release. It has been introduced as a clinical antiarrhythmic agent for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), a condition most commonly associated with gain-of-function RyR2 mutations. Current debate concerns both cellular mechanisms of its antiarrhythmic action and molecular mechanisms of its RyR2 actions. At the cellular level, it targets NaV1.5, RyR2, Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCX), and additional proteins involved in excitation-contraction (EC) coupling and potentially contribute to the CPVT phenotype. This Viewpoint primarily addresses the various direct molecular actions of flecainide on isolated RyR2 channels in artificial lipid bilayers. Such studies demonstrate different, multifarious, flecainide binding sites on RyR2, with voltage-dependent binding in the channel pore or voltage-independent binding at distant peripheral sites. In contrast to its single NaV1.5 pore binding site, flecainide may bind to at least four separate inhibitory sites on RyR2 and one activation site. None of these binding sites have been specifically located in the linear RyR2 sequence or high-resolution structure. Furthermore, it is not clear which of the inhibitory sites contribute to flecainide's reduction of spontaneous Ca2+ release in cellular studies. A confounding observation is that flecainide binding to voltage-dependent inhibition sites reduces cation fluxes in a direction opposite to physiological Ca2+ flow from SR lumen to cytosol. This may suggest that, rather than directly blocking Ca2+ efflux, flecainide can reduce Ca2+ efflux by blocking counter currents through the pore which otherwise limit SR membrane potential change during systolic Ca2+ efflux. In summary, the antiarrhythmic effects of flecainide in CPVT seem to involve multiple components of EC coupling and multiple actions on RyR2. Their clarification may identify novel specific drug targets and facilitate flecainide's clinical utilization in CPVT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher L.-H. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James A. Fraser
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela F. Dulhunty
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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Wang Y, Hou Y, Song S, Zuo Y, Yu Y, Chi Y, Zhang T. Harm of circadian misalignment to the hearts of the adolescent wistar rats. J Transl Med 2022; 20:352. [PMID: 35933342 PMCID: PMC9356460 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to observe the harm of circadian misalignment (CM), caused by an inverted photoperiod (IP), on the hearts of the adolescent Wistar rats, and to explore the mechanisms leading to harm. METHODS An IP was used to create a CM model. A total of 174 Wistar rats were randomly divided into circadian alignment (CA) and CM groups (87 rats per group). The different activity rhythms of the two groups of rats were adjusted through different light/dark cycles for 90 days. We recorded the rhythmic activity trajectory and sleep time of the rats. After 90 days of modeling, we performed various analyses (i.e., blood pressure, weight, cardiac ultrasound tests, serological tests, cardiac tissue immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy on myocardial mitochondria, western blotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reactions). RESULTS (1) The IP protocol caused CM in rats. (2) CM rats showed significantly higher blood pressure during the day (resting phase). They also showed significantly higher serum levels of angiotensin II and epinephrine during the day compared to the CA rats. (3) CM caused up-regulation of gene expression of adrenergic receptors α1 (α1-AR) and β1 (β1-AR) and down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) gene expression in rat hearts. It also caused downregulation of Bmal1 expression. In addition, the changes in Bmal1 and Per2 correlated with the changes in β1-AR and α1-AR. (4) CM had adverse effects on multiple molecular proteins of the heart. (5) CM increased the collagen fibers in the rat heart and increased the destruction of mitochondria. (6) Eventually, CM caused a decrease in the pumping function of the heart and decreased the coronary blood flow rate. CONCLUSIONS (1) CM significantly affected the cardiac structure and function in the adolescent rats through a variety of mechanisms. (2) CM can regulate the expression of myocardial clock genes, and it is likely to have an impact on the heart through this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunLei Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, No.10 JiaoMen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068, China.,Lab of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - YuanYuan Hou
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, No.10 JiaoMen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068, China.,Lab of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - ShaoFei Song
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China.,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, No.10 JiaoMen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068, China.,Lab of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Yao Zuo
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Yu
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - YaFei Chi
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100068, China. .,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, No.10 JiaoMen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068, China. .,Lab of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068, China.
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Anderson CL, Munawar S, Reilly L, Kamp TJ, January CT, Delisle BP, Eckhardt LL. How Functional Genomics Can Keep Pace With VUS Identification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:900431. [PMID: 35859585 PMCID: PMC9291992 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.900431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, an exponentially expanding number of genetic variants have been identified associated with inherited cardiac conditions. These tremendous gains also present challenges in deciphering the clinical relevance of unclassified variants or variants of uncertain significance (VUS). This review provides an overview of the advancements (and challenges) in functional and computational approaches to characterize variants and help keep pace with VUS identification related to inherited heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L. Anderson
- Cellular and Molecular Arrythmias Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Saba Munawar
- Cellular and Molecular Arrythmias Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Louise Reilly
- Cellular and Molecular Arrythmias Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Timothy J. Kamp
- Cellular and Molecular Arrythmias Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Craig T. January
- Cellular and Molecular Arrythmias Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian P. Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lee L. Eckhardt
- Cellular and Molecular Arrythmias Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Lopez R, Janicek R, Fernandez-Tenorio M, Courtehoux M, Matas L, Gerbaud P, Gomez AM, Egger M, Niggli E. Uptake-leak balance of SR Ca2+ determines arrhythmogenic potential of RyR2R420Q+/− cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 170:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Matuz-Mares D, González-Andrade M, Araiza-Villanueva MG, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Vázquez-Meza H. Mitochondrial Calcium: Effects of Its Imbalance in Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050801. [PMID: 35624667 PMCID: PMC9138001 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is used in many cellular processes and is maintained within the cell as free calcium at low concentrations (approximately 100 nM), compared with extracellular (millimolar) concentrations, to avoid adverse effects such as phosphate precipitation. For this reason, cells have adapted buffering strategies by compartmentalizing calcium into mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In mitochondria, the calcium concentration is in the millimolar range, as it is in the ER. Mitochondria actively contribute to buffering cellular calcium, but if matrix calcium increases beyond physiological demands, it can promote the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and, consequently, trigger apoptotic or necrotic cell death. The pathophysiological implications of mPTP opening in ischemia-reperfusion, liver, muscle, and lysosomal storage diseases, as well as those affecting the central nervous system, for example, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been reported. In this review, we present an updated overview of the main cellular mechanisms of mitochondrial calcium regulation. We specially focus on neurodegenerative diseases related to imbalances in calcium homeostasis and summarize some proposed therapies studied to attenuate these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyamira Matuz-Mares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (M.G.-A.); (M.M.V.-L.)
| | - Martin González-Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (M.G.-A.); (M.M.V.-L.)
| | | | - María Magdalena Vilchis-Landeros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (M.G.-A.); (M.M.V.-L.)
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Meza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (M.G.-A.); (M.M.V.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5623-2168
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