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Qin Q, Liu W, Gao B, Zhang X, Han L, Leong Sing S, Liu X. Capsicum leaf protein-based bionanocomposite films for packaging application: Effect of corn starch content on film properties. Food Chem 2024; 451:139449. [PMID: 38678654 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The addition of corn starch (CS) enhances the interfacial adhesion of the film-forming liquids (FFLs), weakening the internal relative molecular motion. As a result, the rheological properties and zeta potential values of the FFLs were affected. A tight spatial network structure between capsicum leaf protein (CLP), lignocellulose nanocrystals (LNCs) and CS can be formed through intermolecular entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions. The crystallinity, thermal degradation temperature, tensile strength and water contact angle of the protein-based bionanocomposite films (PBBFs) increased with increasing CS addition. This is due to the transformation of the secondary space structure of the CLP inside the PBBFs and the increase in cohesion. However, the excessive addition of CS forms aggregated clusters on the surface of PBBFs, which increases the surface roughness of PBBFs and causes more light scattering. Therefore, the brightness and yellowness values of the PBBFs increase, and the transmittance decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Qin
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Wenying Liu
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Bing Gao
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China.
| | - Lujia Han
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Swee Leong Sing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Xian Liu
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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2
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Othman SH, Shapi'i RA, Ronzi NDA. Starch biopolymer films containing chitosan nanoparticles: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121735. [PMID: 38286535 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Starch biopolymer films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) or starch/CNP films are promising alternatives to non-degradable food packaging materials. The films can be utilized for active food packaging applications because CNP exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which can improve food shelf-life. Nonetheless, knowledge of the effects of CNP inclusion on the properties of starch films is not fully elucidated. This paper reviews the influences of various concentrations of CNP, sizes of CNP, and other additives on the mechanical, thermal, barrier, antimicrobial, antioxidant, biodegradability, and cytotoxicity properties of starch/CNP films as well as the mechanisms involved in relation to food packaging applications. The usage of starch/CNP films for active food packaging can help to reduce environmental issues and contribute to food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hajar Othman
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Nanomaterials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ruzanna Ahmad Shapi'i
- Nanomaterials Processing and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Diana Arisya Ronzi
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Olunusi SO, Ramli NH, Fatmawati A, Ismail AF, Okwuwa CC. Revolutionizing tropical fruits preservation: Emerging edible coating technologies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130682. [PMID: 38460636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Tropical fruits, predominantly cultivated in Southeast Asia, are esteemed for their nutritional richness, distinctive taste, aroma, and visual appeal when consumed fresh. However, postharvest challenges have led to substantial global wastage, nearly 50 %. The advent of edible biopolymeric nanoparticles presents a novel solution to preserve the fruits' overall freshness. These nanoparticles, being edible, readily available, biodegradable, antimicrobial, antioxidant, Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), and non-toxic, are commonly prepared via ionic gelation owing to the method's physical crosslinking, simplicity, and affordability. The resulting biopolymeric nanoparticles, with or without additives, can be employed in basic formulations or as composite blends with other materials. This study aims to review the capabilities of biopolymeric nanoparticles in enhancing the physical and sensory aspects of tropical fruits, inhibiting microbial growth, and prolonging shelf life. Material selection for formulation is crucial, considering coating materials, the fruit's epidermal properties, internal and external factors. A variety of application techniques are covered such as spraying, and layer-by-layer among others, including their advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, the study addresses safety measures, legislation, current challenges, and industrial perspectives concerning fruit edible coating films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Olugbenga Olunusi
- Faculty Chemical and Process Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Hanuni Ramli
- Faculty Chemical and Process Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Adam Fatmawati
- Faculty Chemical and Process Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Ismail
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Bandar Indera Mahkota Razak, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Chigozie Charity Okwuwa
- Faculty Chemical and Process Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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4
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Santhosh R, Sarkar P. Fabrication of jamun seed starch/tamarind kernel xyloglucan bio-nanocomposite films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles and their application on sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruits. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129625. [PMID: 38266863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The present work develops bio-nanocomposite packaging films by valorizing agricultural byproducts jamun seed starch (JaSS) and tamarind kernel xyloglucan (XG), and adding varying concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs). The blending of JaSS and XG promotes a dense polymer network in the composite films with enhanced packaging attributes. However, ChNPs incorporation significantly reduced the viscosity and dynamic moduli of the JaSS/XG film-forming solutions. The FTIR and XRD results reveal improved intermolecular interactions and crystallinity. The DSC and TGA thermograms showed improved thermal stability in the ChNP-loaded JaSS/XG films. The addition of 3 % w/w ChNPs significantly enhanced the tensile strength (20.42 MPa), elastic modulus (0.8 GPa), and contact angle (89°), along with reduced water vapor transmission rate (13.26 g/h.m2) of the JaSS/XG films. The films exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. More interestingly, the JaSS/XG/ChNPs coating on the sapota fruits retarded the weight loss and color change up to 12 days of storage. Overall, the JaSS/XG/ChNP bio-nanocomposites are promising packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santhosh
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India
| | - Preetam Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India.
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Li Z, Liu A, Wu H, Naeem A, Fan Q, Jin Z, Liu H, Ming L. Extraction of cellulose nanocrystalline from Camellia oleifera Abel waste shell: Study of critical processes, properties and enhanced emulsion performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127890. [PMID: 37931858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from the waste shell of Camellia oleifera Abel (C. oleifera) are gaining attention as valuable materials. In this study, CNCs were extracted from the agricultural waste shell of C. oleifera through phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid hydrolysis, respectively. Firstly, we optimized the alkaline treatment process for cellulose isolation by using response surface methodology. Furthermore, the properties of CNCs were investigated by neutralizing them with NaOH and NH3·H2O, and by dialysis in water. In addition, the characterization methods including FT-IR, TGA, AFM and TEM were used to analysis the properties of the synthesized CNCs. Finally, CNCs were studied for their application in essential oil-based Pickering emulsions. CNCs obtained from sulfuric acid showed the smallest particle size and good dispersibility. Moreover, the release profiles of essential oils in the emulsions were followed by Peppa's kinetic release model. The antibacterial activity of the emulsions against E. coli and S. aureus showed that CNCs-stabilized emulsions enhanced the antibacterial activity of essential oils. Therefore, neutralization treatments may enhance the properties of CNCs, and CNCs stabilized Pickering emulsions can enhance antibacterial activity of essential oil. This study provides insight into the potential application of CNCs derived from C. oleifera waste shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ao Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hailian Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Abid Naeem
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qimeng Fan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhengji Jin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongning Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liangshan Ming
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China.
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Wu Z, Ji X, He Q, Gu H, Zhang WX, Deng Z. Nanocelluloses fine-tuned polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane for enhanced separation and antifouling. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121383. [PMID: 37940278 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate membrane fouling and address the trade-off between permeability and selectivity, we fabricated nanocellulose (NC) fine-tuned polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) porous membranes (NC-PVDFs) using phase inversion method through blending NCs with varied aspect ratios, surface charges and grafted functional groups. NC-PVDF presented rougher surface (increased by at least 18.3 %), higher porosity and crystallinity compared to PVDF membrane. Moreover, cellulose nanocrystals incorporated PVDF (CNC-PVDF) elevated membrane surface charge and hydrophilicity (from 74.3° to 71.7°), while 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose nanofibers modified PVDF (TCNF-PVDF) enhanced the porosity (from 25.0 % to 40.3 %) and tensile strength (63.6 % higher than PVDF). For separation performance, NC improved flux, rejection and fouling resistance due to facilitation of phase transition thermokinetics as pore-forming agent and increased hydrophilicity at both interface and pore wall. For water flux, NC-PVDFs (139-228 L·m-2·h-1) resulted in increased permeability compared to bare PVDF. CNC-PVDF membrane exhibited the highest water flux because of improved porosity, roughness and hydrophilicity. For bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection, the removal rates of all NC-PVDFs were all above 90 %. Notably, TCNF-PVDF exhibited the most remarkable elevation of BSA rejection (95.1 %) owing to size exclusion and charge repulsion in comparison with PVDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Quanlong He
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongbo Gu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei-Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zilong Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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7
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Qi W, Tong X, Wang M, Liu S, Cheng J, Wang H. Impact of soybean protein isolate concentration on chitosan-cellulose nanofiber edible films: Focus on structure and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128185. [PMID: 37977456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan and cellulose nanofiber films are frequently employed as biodegradable materials for food packaging. However, many exhibit suboptimal hydrophobicity and antioxidant properties. To address these shortcomings, we enhanced the performance by adding different concentrations of soybean protein isolate (SPI) to chitosan-cellulose nanofiber (CS-CNF) films. As SPI concentration varied, the turbidity, particle size, and ζ-potential of the film-forming solutions initially decreased and subsequently increased. This suggests that 1 % SPI augments the electrostatic attraction and compatibility. Rheological analysis confirmed a pronounced apparent viscosity at this concentration. Analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectra, Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction, and Scanning electron microscope revealed the presence of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between SPI and CS-CNF, indicative of superior compatibility. When SPI concentration was set at 1 %, notable enhancements in film attributes were observed: improvements in tensile strength and elongation at break, a reduction in water vapor permeability by 8.23 %, and an elevation in the contact angle by 18.85 %. Furthermore, at this concentration, the ABTS+ and DPPH scavenging capacities of the film surged by 61.53 % and 46.18 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the films we prepare are not toxic. This research offers valuable insights for the advancement and application of protein-polysaccharide-based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Qi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shi Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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8
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Yu J, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Gao Y, Mao L. Stabilization of oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions with octenyl succinic acid starch and beeswax oleogel. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127815. [PMID: 37918613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) based on beeswax (BW) oleogels and octenyl succinic acid starch (OSA starch) were prepared by a facile one-step method. Effects of the oleogelation of internal phase on the formation, stability and functionality of the HIPEs were investigated. OSA starch absorbed at the interface allowed high surface charge (|ζ| > 25 mV) of the droplets, and small droplet size (d ≈ 5 m). Microstructural observation suggested that the HIPEs were of O/W type with droplets packed tightly. With the increase in BW content (0-4 %), the particle size (4-7 μm) and ζ-potential (-25 ~ -30 mV) of the HIPEs were first decreased and then increased. Stability analysis revealed that the addition of BW effectively improved emulsion stability against centrifugation, freeze-thawing, changes in pH and ionic strength, and the HIPE with 2 % BW presented the best stability. Rheological tests indicated that the HIPEs with higher content of BW exhibited higher storage modulus, solid-like properties, and shear thinning behaviors. Creep-recovery results implied that the oleogelation enhanced the structure of HIPEs and improved the deformation resistance of the systems. When subjected to light and heat, oleogel-in-water HIPEs showed advantages in protecting β-carotene from degradation, and β-carotene in the HIPEs with 2 % BW had the lowest degradation rate. These findings suggested that gelation of oil phase could improve the stability of HIPEs and the encapsulation capability, which would be meaningful for the development of novel healthy food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruoning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanxiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Like Mao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Ali A, Bairagi S, Ganie SA, Ahmed S. Polysaccharides and proteins based bionanocomposites as smart packaging materials: From fabrication to food packaging applications a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126534. [PMID: 37640181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Food industry is the biggest and rapidly growing industries all over the world. This sector consumes around 40 % of the total plastic produced worldwide as packaging material. The conventional packaging material is mainly petrochemical based. However, these petrochemical based materials impose serious concerns towards environment after its disposal as they are nondegradable. Thus, in search of an appropriate replacement for conventional plastics, biopolymers such as polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, chitosan, natural gums, etc.), proteins (gelatin, collagen, soy protein, etc.), and fatty acids find as an option but again limited by its inherent properties. Attention on the initiatives towards the development of more sustainable, useful, and biodegradable packaging materials, leading the way towards a new and revolutionary green era in the food sector. Eco-friendly packaging materials are now growing dramatically, at a pace of about 10-20 % annually. The recombination of biopolymers and nanomaterials through intercalation composite technology at the nanoscale demonstrated some mesmerizing characteristics pertaining to both biopolymer and nanomaterials such as rigidity, thermal stability, sensing and bioactive property inherent to nanomaterials as well as biopolymers properties such as flexibility, processability and biodegradability. The dramatic increase of scientific research in the last one decade in the area of bionanocomposites in food packaging had reflected its potential as a much-required and important alternative to conventional petroleum-based material. This review presents a comprehensive overview on the importance and recent advances in the field of bionanocomposite and its application in food packaging. Different methods for the fabrication of bionanocomposite are also discussed briefly. Finally, a clear perspective and future prospects of bionanocomposites in food packaging were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Kargil Campus, University of Ladakh, Kargil 194103, India.
| | - Satyaranjan Bairagi
- Materials and Manufacturing Research Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Showkat Ali Ganie
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile of Biomass Science, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Mendhar, Jammu & Kashmir 185211, India; Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu 180001, India; University Centre of Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India.
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