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Petakh P, Behzadi P, Oksenych V, Kamyshnyi O. Current treatment options for leptospirosis: a mini-review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1403765. [PMID: 38725681 PMCID: PMC11081000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, one of the most common global zoonotic infections, significantly impacts global human health, infecting more than a million people and causing approximately 60,000 deaths annually. This mini-review explores effective treatment strategies for leptospirosis, considering its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and current therapeutic approaches. Emphasis is placed on antibiotic therapy, including recommendations for mild and severe cases, as well as the role of probiotics in modulating the gut microbiota. Furthermore, novel treatment options, such as bacteriophages and newly synthesized/natural compounds, are discussed, and the findings are expected to provide insights into promising approaches for combating leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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Petakh P, Oksenych V, Kamyshna I, Boisak I, Lyubomirskaya K, Kamyshnyi O. Exploring the complex interplay: gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345684. [PMID: 38476949 PMCID: PMC10927737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a re-emerging zoonotic disease, remains a significant global health concern, especially amid floods and disasters such as the Kakhovka Dam destruction. As is known, the stress that occurs in the conditions of military conflicts among civilian and military personnel significantly affects susceptibility to infectious diseases and possibly even influences their course. This review aims to explore how the gut microbiome and stress mediators (such as catecholamines and corticosteroids) might impact the leptospirosis disease course. The review opens new horizons for research by elucidating the connections between the gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iryna Kamyshna
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Boisak
- Department of Childhood Diseases, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Katerina Lyubomirskaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceuticals University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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Lu X, Griebsch C, Norris JM, Ward MP. Landscape, Socioeconomic, and Meteorological Risk Factors for Canine Leptospirosis in Urban Sydney (2017-2023): A Spatial and Temporal Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:697. [PMID: 38133248 PMCID: PMC10747920 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonotic disease caused by infection with pathogenic Leptospira spp. We described reported clinical cases of canine leptospirosis in the council areas of the Inner West and the City of Sydney, Australia, from December 2017 to January 2023 and tested the association with urban spatial (landscape and socioeconomic factors, community seroprevalence, and urban heat island effect) and temporal (precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature) factors and the cases using log-transformed Poisson models, spatially stratified population-adjusted conditional logistic models, General Additive Models (GAMs), and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. The results suggested that canine leptospirosis is now endemic in the study area. A longer distance to the nearest veterinary hospital (RR 0.118, 95% CI -4.205--0.065, p < 0.05) and a mildly compromised Index of Economic Resources (IER) (RR 0.202, 95% CI -3.124--0.079, p < 0.05) were significant protective factors against leptospirosis. In areas proximal to the clinical cases and seropositive samples, the presence of tree cover was a strong risk factor for higher odds of canine leptospirosis (OR 5.80, 95% CI 1.12-30.11, p < 0.05). As the first study exploring risk factors associated with canine leptospirosis in urban Sydney, our findings indicate a potential transmission from urban green spaces and the possibility of higher exposure to Leptospira-or increased case detection and reporting-in areas adjacent to veterinary hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (X.L.); (C.G.); (J.M.N.)
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Ružić-Sabljić E, Podgoršek D, Strašek Smrdel K, Celar Šturm A, Logar M, Pavlović A, Remec T, Baklan Z, Pal E, Cerar Kišek T. First Report on Leptospira Species Isolated from Patients in Slovenia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2739. [PMID: 38004750 PMCID: PMC10672770 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important worldwide zoonosis, and it has also been reported in Slovenia. The cultivation of Leptospira from human material is difficult. Despite that, we successfully isolated 12 human Leptospira strains isolated from patients between 2002 and 2020 and used various methods for the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the strains, including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) using our own MALDI-TOF data library, melting temperature analysis of the amplified lfb1 gene, determination of Leptospira serogroups using rabbit immune sera, NotI-RFLP of the whole Leptospira genome, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping genes, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based typing. We confirmed the presence of four pathogenic Leptospira species (L. kirschneri, L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, and L. santarosai) and three serogroups: Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Sejroe. MALDI-TOF identified three of seven isolates at the species level and four isolates at the genus level. Serovars of 8 of the 10 strains were determined using NotI-RFLP. MLST showed that the clinical isolates belonged to sequence types ST17, ST110, and ST155. WGS confirmed the analysis of Leptospira strains using conventional methods. In addition, WGS provided better taxonomic resolution for isolate DDA 10944/10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ružić-Sabljić
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology and Catedra for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.R.-S.); (D.P.); (K.S.S.); (A.C.Š.)
| | - Daša Podgoršek
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology and Catedra for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.R.-S.); (D.P.); (K.S.S.); (A.C.Š.)
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, General Hospital Celje, Oblakova 5, 3000 Celje, Slovenia
| | - Katja Strašek Smrdel
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology and Catedra for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.R.-S.); (D.P.); (K.S.S.); (A.C.Š.)
| | - Andraž Celar Šturm
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology and Catedra for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.R.-S.); (D.P.); (K.S.S.); (A.C.Š.)
| | - Mateja Logar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Catedra for Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Pavlović
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Celje, Oblakova 5, 3000 Celje, Slovenia;
| | - Tatjana Remec
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Novo Mesto, Šmihelska Cesta 1, 8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia;
| | - Zvonko Baklan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Emil Pal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Murska Sobota, Ulica dr. Vrbnjaka 6, 9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia;
| | - Tjaša Cerar Kišek
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology and Catedra for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.R.-S.); (D.P.); (K.S.S.); (A.C.Š.)
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Prvomajska 1, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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