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Saluja S, Gaur A, Somani P, Ahmad K. Innovative approach to waste management: utilizing stabilized municipal solid waste in road infrastructure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:10346-10358. [PMID: 37515619 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a sudden upsurge in the quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been observed, and the status quo demands a constructive and economically viable solution. The use of stabilized municipal solid waste (SMSW) in road construction can help in reducing the burden on landfills and waste management authorities. In the existing study, SMSW was accumulated from the Okhla landfill which is situated in New Delhi that is rich in an organic content. This SMSW was then blended with soil (5%, 10%, and 15%) and bottom ash with varying percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) individually and a mix of soil and bottom ash in the ratio of 1:1 to reduce the content of organic matter. The blended sample was then tested to check its compaction value, California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), durability, and scanning electron microstructure (SEM). The results indicated that the addition of bottom ash to SMSW decreases the maximum dry unit weight that varies between 1.65 and 1.51 KN/m3 while this value reduces to 1.72 to 1.67 KN/m3 in the case of the bottom ash-soil blend. Also, CBR value reduces to 25.50 to 18.00% in case of bottom ash and 25.89 to 21.92% for bottom ash-soil samples and inverse in the case of SMSW samples blended with soil ranges between 19.95 and 22.59%. The California bearing ratio value of all samples under soaked condition meets the minimum criteria (> 10%) as specified in IRC SP-72 for low-volume roads, but at the same time failed to meet the durability specifications. Thus, it is recommended to use this soil subgrade material in arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Saluja
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Sector 43, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India.
| | - Arun Gaur
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Prakash Somani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
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Sun XP, Ding ZH, Bi YZ, Wang XY. Water-Holding Properties of Clinoptilolite/Sodium Polyacrylate-Modified Compacted Clay Cover of Tailing Pond. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15554. [PMID: 36497626 PMCID: PMC9735921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinoptilolite and sodium polyacrylate (Na-PAA) were used as water-retaining agents to improve the water-holding capacity of compacted clay cover (CCC). The optimum moisture content and Atterberg limits of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA were studied. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA was studied. The mesostructure of the CCC was analyzed by polarized light microscopy. The test results show that: (1) the optimum moisture content and liquid limit of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA increased, while the maximum dry density decreased; (2) the SWCC of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA shifts to the upper right, and the volume moisture content of modified CCC is higher than that of unmodified CCC under the same matrix suction; (3) compared with the unmodified CCC, the air-entry value (AEV) of the clinoptilolite-modified CCC increased by 65.18% at most, and the AEV of the further modified CCC with Na-PAA in-creased by about two times; and (4) the flocculation structure and porosity of modified CCC decreased, and the porosity was distributed uniformly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Po Sun
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Ze-Hao Ding
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Yu-Zhang Bi
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- School of Design, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Stefan DS, Bosomoiu M, Dancila AM, Stefan M. Review of Soil Quality Improvement Using Biopolymers from Leather Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091928. [PMID: 35567096 PMCID: PMC9101923 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the use of fertilizers obtained from leather waste, to ameliorate the agricultural soil quality. The use of leather waste (hides and skins) as raw materials to obtain biopolymer-based fertilizers is an excellent example of a circular economy. This allows the recovery of a large quantity of the tanning agent in the case of tanned wastes, as well as the valorization of significant quantities of waste that would be otherwise disposed of by landfilling. The composition of organic biopolymers obtained from leather waste is a rich source of macronutrients (nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium), and micronutrients (boron, chloride, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and zinc), necessary to improve the composition of agricultural soils, and to remediate the degraded soils. This enhances plant growth ensuring better crops. The nutrient release tests have demonstrated that, by using the biofertilizers with collagen or with collagen cross-linked with synthetic polymers, the nutrient release can be controlled and slowed. In this case, the loss of nutrients by leaching into the inferior layers of the soil and ground water is minimized, avoiding groundwater contamination, especially with nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Simina Stefan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Magdalena Bosomoiu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (A.M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Annette Madelene Dancila
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Mircea Stefan
- Pharmacy Faculty, University Titu Maiorescu, 22 Dâmbovnicului Street, 040441 Bucharest, Romania;
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Hu H, Qiu Y, Lu Z, Tang C, Yao H, Cheng M. Polyetheramine as swelling‐inhibitor for expansive soil: Performance and mechanism. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Yu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geo‐Environmental Engineering Wuhan China
| | - Chuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hailin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Jilin Provincial Transport Scientific Research Institute Changchun China
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Soltani A, Azimi M, O’kelly BC. Modeling the Compaction Characteristics of Fine-Grained Soils Blended with Tire-Derived Aggregates. Sustainability 2021; 13:7737. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at modeling the compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils blended with sand-sized (0.075–4.75 mm) recycled tire-derived aggregates (TDAs). Model development and calibration were performed using a large and diverse database of 100 soil–TDA compaction tests (with the TDA-to-soil dry mass ratio ≤ 30%) assembled from the literature. Following a comprehensive statistical analysis, it is demonstrated that the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry unit weight (MDUW) for soil–TDA blends (across different soil types, TDA particle sizes and compaction energy levels) can be expressed as universal power functions of the OMC and MDUW of the unamended soil, along with the soil to soil–TDA specific gravity ratio. Employing the Bland–Altman analysis, the 95% upper and lower (water content) agreement limits between the predicted and measured OMC values were, respectively, obtained as +1.09% and −1.23%, both of which can be considered negligible for practical applications. For the MDUW predictions, these limits were calculated as +0.67 and −0.71 kN/m3, which (like the OMC) can be deemed acceptable for prediction purposes. Having established the OMC and MDUW of the unamended fine-grained soil, the empirical models proposed in this study offer a practical procedure towards predicting the compaction characteristics of the soil–TDA blends without the hurdles of performing separate laboratory compaction tests, and thus can be employed in practice for preliminary design assessments and/or soil–TDA optimization studies.
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Soltani A, Raeesi R, Taheri A, Deng A, Mirzababaei M. Improved Shear Strength Performance of Compacted Rubberized Clays Treated with Sodium Alginate Biopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050764. [PMID: 33671101 PMCID: PMC7957738 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the potential use of sodium alginate (SA) biopolymer as an environmentally sustainable agent for the stabilization of rubberized soil blends prepared using a high plasticity clay soil and tire-derived ground rubber (GR). The experimental program consisted of uniaxial compression and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests; the former was performed on three soil-GR blends (with GR-to-soil mass ratios of 0%, 5% and 10%) compacted (and cured for 1, 4, 7 and 14 d) employing distilled water and three SA solutions-prepared at SA-to-water (mass-to-volume) dosage ratios of 5, 10 and 15 g/L-as the compaction liquid. For any given GR content, the greater the SA dosage and/or the longer the curing duration, the higher the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), with only minor added benefits beyond seven days of curing. This behaviour was attributed to the formation and propagation of so-called "cationic bridges" (developed as a result of a "Ca2+/Mg2+ ⟷ Na+ cation exchange/substitution" process among the clay and SA components) between adjacent clay surfaces over time, inducing flocculation of the clay particles. This clay amending mechanism was further verified by means of representative SEM images. Finally, the addition of (and content increase in) GR-which translates to partially replacing the soil clay content with GR particles and hence reducing the number of available attraction sites for the SA molecules to form additional cationic bridges-was found to moderately offset the efficiency of SA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Soltani
- School of Engineering, IT and Physical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, VIC 3842, Australia
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ramin Raeesi
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Abbas Taheri
- School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (A.T.); (A.D.)
| | - An Deng
- School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (A.T.); (A.D.)
| | - Mehdi Mirzababaei
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
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Soltani A, Taheri A, Deng A, O’kelly BC. Improved Geotechnical Behavior of an Expansive Soil Amended with Tire-Derived Aggregates Having Different Gradations. Minerals 2020; 10:923. [DOI: 10.3390/min10100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This experimental laboratory study examines the potential use of tire-derived aggregate (TDA) products as an additive to alleviate the inferior geotechnical properties of a subgrade deposit of clay soil with high expansivity. A total of ten mix designs—the unamended soil and nine soil–TDA blends prepared at 5%, 10% and 20% TDA contents (by dry mass) using three different TDA gradations/sizes—were examined. The experiments included standard Proctor compaction, oedometer swell and unconfined compression tests. The TDA materials’ lower specific gravity, hydrophobic character and higher energy absorption capacity compared with the soil solids led to notable reductions in the soil compaction characteristics. The amendment of the soil with TDA resulted in notable decreases in the rate and magnitude of swelling—the observed reductions were in favor of higher TDA contents, with larger TDA particle size being a secondary factor. Further, for any given TDA size, the variations of strength and toughness with respect to TDA content exhibited rise–fall relationships, peaking at 5% TDA and then decreasing for higher TDA contents. The stiffness and ductility parameters, however, were found to monotonically decrease and increase with the TDA content, respectively. Finally, TDA contents of up to 10%, with gradations equivalent to those of medium and coarse sands, were found to reduce the soil’s swelling potential from high to moderate expansivity, while simultaneously improving its strength-related features, and thus can be deemed as optimum mix design choices from a geotechnical perspective.
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Shahrokhi-Shahraki R, Kwon PS, Park J, O'Kelly BC, Rezania S. BTEX and heavy metals removal using pulverized waste tires in engineered fill materials. Chemosphere 2020; 242:125281. [PMID: 31896191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of pulverized waste tires (PWTs), either on their own or mixed with soil (well graded sand), to act as adsorptive fill materials was evaluated by conducting laboratory tests for accessing their adsorption and geotechnical properties. PWT (0, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 100 wt%) was mixed with soil to evaluate the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) components and two heavy metal ions (Pb2+ and Cu2+). Adsorption batch tests were performed to determine the equilibrium sorption capacity of each mixture. Subsequently, compaction, direct shear, and consolidation tests were performed to establish their geotechnical properties. The results showed that BTEX had the strongest affinity based on the uptake capacity by the soil-PWT mixtures. The adsorption of BTEX increased for greater PWT content, with pure PWT having the highest adsorption capacity toward BTEX removal: uptake capacities for xylene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and benzene were 526, 377, 207 and 127 μg/g sorbent, respectively. Heavy metal removal was increased by increasing the amount of PWT up to 10 wt%, and then decreased beyond this ratio. Compacted soil-PWT mixtures comprising 5-25 wt% PWT have relatively low dry unit weight, low compressibility, adequate shear capacity for many load-bearing field applications, and satisfactory adsorption of organic/inorganic contaminants, such that they could also be used as adsorptive fill materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Shahrokhi-Shahraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Patrick Sun Kwon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Junboum Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Brendan C O'Kelly
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
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