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Acierno D, Patti A. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) of Thermoplastic-Based Filaments: Process and Rheological Properties-An Overview. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7664. [PMID: 38138805 PMCID: PMC10744784 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, an extrusion-based 3D printing technology, enables the manufacture of complex geometrical elements. This technology employs diverse materials, including thermoplastic polymers and composites as well as recycled resins to encourage sustainable growth. FDM is used in a variety of industrial fields, including automotive, biomedical, and textiles, as a rapid prototyping method to reduce costs and shorten production time, or to develop items with detailed designs and high precision. The main phases of this technology include the feeding of solid filament into a molten chamber, capillary flow of a non-Newtonian fluid through a nozzle, layer deposition on the support base, and layer-to-layer adhesion. The viscoelastic properties of processed materials are essential in each of the FDM steps: (i) predicting the printability of the melted material during FDM extrusion and ensuring a continuous flow across the nozzle; (ii) controlling the deposition process of the molten filament on the print bed and avoiding fast material leakage and loss of precision in the molded part; and (iii) ensuring layer adhesion in the subsequent consolidation phase. Regarding this framework, this work aimed to collect knowledge on FDM extrusion and on different types of rheological properties in order to forecast the performance of thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Acierno
- Regional Center of Competence New Technologies for Productive Activities Scarl, Via Nuova Agnano 11, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonella Patti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Picchio R, Di Marzio N, Cozzolino L, Venanzi R, Stefanoni W, Bianchini L, Pari L, Latterini F. Pellet Production from Pruning and Alternative Forest Biomass: A Review of the Most Recent Research Findings. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4689. [PMID: 37445003 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Typically, coniferous sawdust from debarked stems is used to make pellets. Given the high lignin content, which ensures strong binding and high calorific values, this feedstock provides the best quality available. However, finding alternative feedstocks for pellet production is crucial if small-scale pellet production is to be developed and used to support the economy and energy independence of rural communities. These communities have to be able to create pellets devoid of additives and without biomass pre-processing so that the feedstock price remains low. The features of pellets made from other sources of forest biomass, such as different types of waste, broadleaf species, and pruning biomass, have attracted some attention in this context. This review sought to provide an overview of the most recent (2019-2023) knowledge on the subject and to bring into consideration potential feedstocks for the growth of small-scale pellet production. Findings from the literature show that poor bulk density and mechanical durability are the most frequent issues when making pellets from different feedstocks. All of the tested alternative biomass typologies have these shortcomings, which are also a result of the use of low-performance pelletizers in small-scale production, preventing the achievement of adequate mechanical qualities. Pellets made from pruning biomass, coniferous residues, and wood from short-rotation coppice plants all have significant flaws in terms of ash content and, in some cases, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine content as well. All things considered, research suggests that broadleaf wood from beech and oak trees, collected through routine forest management activities, makes the best feasible feedstock for small-scale pellet production. Despite having poor mechanical qualities, these feedstocks can provide pellets with a low ash level. High ash content is a significant disadvantage when considering pellet manufacture and use on a small scale since it can significantly raise maintenance costs, compromising the supply chain's ability to operate cost-effectively. Pellets with low bulk density and low mechanical durability can be successfully used in a small-scale supply chain with the advantages of reducing travel distance from the production site and storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Picchio
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, DAFNE, Tuscia University, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Di Marzio
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, DAFNE, Tuscia University, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luca Cozzolino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca, Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Rachele Venanzi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, DAFNE, Tuscia University, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Walter Stefanoni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bianchini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, DAFNE, Tuscia University, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luigi Pari
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca, Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Francesco Latterini
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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La Gala A, Ceretti DVA, Fiorio R, Cardon L, D'hooge DR. Comparing pellet‐ and filament‐based additive manufacturing with conventional processing for
ABS
and
PLA
parts. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea La Gala
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Daniel V. A. Ceretti
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Rudinei Fiorio
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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