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Aoyagi Y, Yamada S, Ueda S, Iseki C, Kondo T, Mori K, Kobayashi Y, Fukami T, Hoshimaru M, Ishikawa M, Ohta Y. Development of Smartphone Application for Markerless Three-Dimensional Motion Capture Based on Deep Learning Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5282. [PMID: 35890959 PMCID: PMC9322512 DOI: 10.3390/s22145282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To quantitatively assess pathological gait, we developed a novel smartphone application for full-body human motion tracking in real time from markerless video-based images using a smartphone monocular camera and deep learning. As training data for deep learning, the original three-dimensional (3D) dataset comprising more than 1 million captured images from the 3D motion of 90 humanoid characters and the two-dimensional dataset of COCO 2017 were prepared. The 3D heatmap offset data consisting of 28 × 28 × 28 blocks with three red-green-blue colors at the 24 key points of the entire body motion were learned using the convolutional neural network, modified ResNet34. At each key point, the hottest spot deviating from the center of the cell was learned using the tanh function. Our new iOS application could detect the relative tri-axial coordinates of the 24 whole-body key points centered on the navel in real time without any markers for motion capture. By using the relative coordinates, the 3D angles of the neck, lumbar, bilateral hip, knee, and ankle joints were estimated. Any human motion could be quantitatively and easily assessed using a new smartphone application named Three-Dimensional Pose Tracker for Gait Test (TDPT-GT) without any body markers or multipoint cameras.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shigeki Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
- Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan;
- Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies/Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ueda
- Shin-Aikai Spine Center, Katano Hospital, Katano 576-0043, Japan; (S.U.); (M.H.)
| | - Chifumi Iseki
- Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan; (C.I.); (T.K.); (Y.O.)
| | - Toshiyuki Kondo
- Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan; (C.I.); (T.K.); (Y.O.)
| | - Keisuke Mori
- School of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan;
| | - Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa II Campus, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan;
| | - Tadanori Fukami
- Department of Informatics and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
| | - Minoru Hoshimaru
- Shin-Aikai Spine Center, Katano Hospital, Katano 576-0043, Japan; (S.U.); (M.H.)
| | - Masatsune Ishikawa
- Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan;
- Rakuwa Villa Ilios, Rakuwakai Healthcare System, Kyoto 604-8402, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan; (C.I.); (T.K.); (Y.O.)
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López-Higuera JM. Sensing Using Light: A Key Area of Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6562. [PMID: 34640881 PMCID: PMC8512037 DOI: 10.3390/s21196562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This invited featured paper offers a Doctrinal Conception of sensing using Light (SuL) as an "umbrella" in which any sensing approach using Light Sciences and Technologies can be easily included. The key requirements of a sensing system will be quickly introduced by using a bottom-up methodology. Thanks to this, it will be possible to get a general conception of a sensor using Light techniques and know some related issues, such as its main constituted parts and types. The case in which smartness is conferred to the device is also considered. A quick "flight" over 10 significant cases using different principles, techniques, and technologies to detect diverse measurands in various sector applications is offered to illustrate this general concept. After reading this paper, any sensing approach using Light Sciences and Technologies may be easily included under the umbrella: sensing using Light or photonic sensors (PS).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Kang P, Jiang S, Shull PB, Lo B. Feasibility Validation on Healthy Adults of a Novel Active Vibrational Sensing Based Ankle Band for Ankle Flexion Angle Estimation. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 2:314-319. [PMID: 35402967 PMCID: PMC8940205 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2021.3130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal: In this paper, we introduced a novel ankle band with a vibrational sensor that can achieve low-cost ankle flexion angle estimation, which can be potentially used for automated ankle flexion angle estimation in home-based foot drop rehabilitation scenarios. Methods: Previous ankle flexion angle estimation methods require either professional knowledge or specific equipment and lab environment, which is not feasible for foot drop patients to achieve accurate measurement by themselves in a home-based scenario. To solve the above problems, a prototype was developed based on the assumption that the echo of a vibration signal on the tibialis anterior had different acoustic impedance distribution. By analyzing the frequency spectrum of the echo, the ankle flexion angle can be estimated. Therefore, a surface transducer was utilized to generate frequency-varying active vibration, and a contact microphone was utilized to capture the echo. A portable analog signal processing hub drove the transducer, and was used for echo signal collection from the microphone. Finally, a Random Forest regression model was applied to estimate the ankle flexion angle based on the spectrum amplitude of the echo. Results: Five healthy subjects were recruited in the experiment. The regression estimation error is 4.16 degrees, and the R2 is 0.81. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed ankle band for accurate ankle flexion angle estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Peter B Shull
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Benny Lo
- Hamlyn CentreImperial College London London SW7 2BX U.K
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