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Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101143. [PMID: 36152458 PMCID: PMC9924004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recognition of specific microbial ligands by TLRs triggers an innate immune response and also promotes adaptive immunity, which is necessary for the efficient elimination of invading pathogens. Successful pathogens have therefore evolved strategies to subvert and/or manipulate TLR signaling. Both the impairment and uncontrolled activation of TLR signaling can harm the host, causing tissue destruction and allowing pathogens to proliferate, thus favoring disease progression. In this context, microbial proteases are key virulence factors that modify components of the TLR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of bacterial and viral proteases in the manipulation of TLR signaling, highlighting the importance of these enzymes during the development of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Çokçalışkan C, Tuncer Göktuna P, Türkoğlu T, Uzunlu E, Gündüzalp C, Uzun EA, Sareyyüpoğlu B, Kürkçü A, Gülyaz V. Effect of simultaneous administration of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and anthrax vaccines on antibody response to FMD in sheep. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2019; 8:103-109. [PMID: 31406691 PMCID: PMC6689499 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2019.8.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and anthrax are important diseases in sheep. Vaccination is a favorable strategy against both infections. Simultaneous administration of vaccines does generally not impede the immune responses of each other, although there are some exceptions, and it may help reduce the labor and costs of vaccination as well as distress on animals. Although oil adjuvant FMD vaccine has been tried with live anthrax vaccine in cattle, there are no reports on the simultaneous use of both vaccines in sheep. Materials and Methods In this study, FMD seronegative sheep were used to investigate the impact of the simultaneous vaccination of FMD and anthrax on FMD antibody titers of sheep. Virus neutralization test and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to determine the antibody response to the FMD vaccine. Results The results demonstrated that both vaccines can be used simultaneously without any interference with the FMD response. Moreover, the simultaneous administration with anthrax vaccine had a stimulating effect on the early (day 7 post-vaccination) virus neutralization antibody response to the FMD vaccine. Conclusion The simultaneous use of the FMD and anthrax vaccines did not hinder the response to the FMD vaccine in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Çokçalışkan
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Tuncer Göktuna
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tunçer Türkoğlu
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ergün Uzunlu
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Gündüzalp
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eylem Aras Uzun
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Sareyyüpoğlu
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayça Kürkçü
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Veli Gülyaz
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey
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Laws TR, Kuchuloria T, Chitadze N, Little SF, Webster WM, Debes AK, Saginadze S, Tsertsvadze N, Chubinidze M, Rivard RG, Tsanava S, Dyson EH, Simpson AJH, Hepburn MJ, Trapaidze N. A Comparison of the Adaptive Immune Response between Recovered Anthrax Patients and Individuals Receiving Three Different Anthrax Vaccines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148713. [PMID: 27007118 PMCID: PMC4805272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different human vaccines are available to protect against anthrax. We compared the human adaptive immune responses generated by three different anthrax vaccines or by previous exposure to cutaneous anthrax. Adaptive immunity was measured by ELISPOT to count cells that produce interferon (IFN)-γ in response to restimulation ex vivo with the anthrax toxin components PA, LF and EF and by measuring circulating IgG specific to these antigens. Neutralising activity of antisera against anthrax toxin was also assayed. We found that the different exposures to anthrax antigens promoted varying immune responses. Cutaneous anthrax promoted strong IFN-γ responses to all three antigens and antibody responses to PA and LF. The American AVA and Russian LAAV vaccines induced antibody responses to PA only. The British AVP vaccine produced IFN-γ responses to EF and antibody responses to all three antigens. Anti-PA (in AVA and LAAV vaccinees) or anti-LF (in AVP vaccinees) antibody titres correlated with toxin neutralisation activities. Our study is the first to compare all three vaccines in humans and show the diversity of responses against anthrax antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Laws
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Tinatin Kuchuloria
- Department of Public Health, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Technology Management Company (TMC), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nazibriola Chitadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Stephen F. Little
- U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Webster
- U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Amanda K. Debes
- U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Salome Saginadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nikoloz Tsertsvadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mariam Chubinidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Robert G. Rivard
- U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Shota Tsanava
- Department of Public Health, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Edward H. Dyson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. H. Simpson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Hepburn
- U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Nino Trapaidze
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Technology Management Company (TMC), Tbilisi, Georgia
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia
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Zai X, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu J, Li L, Yin Y, Fu L, Xu J, Chen W. Quantitative Determination of Lethal Toxin Proteins in Culture Supernatant of Human Live Anthrax Vaccine Bacillus anthracis A16R. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E56. [PMID: 26927174 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) is the etiological agent of anthrax affecting both humans and animals. Anthrax toxin (AT) plays a major role in pathogenesis. It includes lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET), which are formed by the combination of protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF), respectively. The currently used human anthrax vaccine in China utilizes live-attenuated B. anthracis spores (A16R; pXO1+, pXO2−) that produce anthrax toxin but cannot produce the capsule. Anthrax toxins, especially LT, have key effects on both the immunogenicity and toxicity of human anthrax vaccines. Thus, determining quantities and biological activities of LT proteins expressed by the A16R strain is meaningful. Here, we explored LT expression patterns of the A16R strain in culture conditions using another vaccine strain Sterne as a control. We developed a sandwich ELISA and cytotoxicity-based method for quantitative detection of PA and LF. Expression and degradation of LT proteins were observed in culture supernatants over time. Additionally, LT proteins expressed by the A16R and Sterne strains were found to be monomeric and showed cytotoxic activity, which may be the main reason for side effects of live anthrax vaccines. Our work facilitates the characterization of anthrax vaccines components and establishment of a quality control standard for vaccine production which may ultimately help to ensure the efficacy and safety of the human anthrax vaccine A16R.
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Abstract
Anthrax is a serious, potentially fatal disease that can present in four distinct clinical patterns depending on the route of infection (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, pneumonic, or injectional); effective strategies for prophylaxis and therapy are therefore required. This review addresses the complex mechanisms of pathogenesis employed by the bacterium and describes how, as understanding of these has developed over many years, so too have current strategies for vaccination and therapy. It covers the clinical and veterinary use of live attenuated strains of anthrax and the subsequent identification of protein sub-units for incorporation into vaccines, as well as combinations of protein sub-units with spore or other components. It also addresses the application of these vaccines for conventional prophylactic use, as well as post-exposure use in conjunction with antibiotics. It describes the licensed acellular vaccines AVA and AVP and discusses the prospects for a next generation of recombinant sub-unit vaccines for anthrax, balancing the regulatory requirement and current drive for highly defined vaccines, against the risk of losing the “danger” signals required to induce protective immunity in the vaccinee. It considers novel approaches to reduce time to immunity by means of combining, for example, dendritic cell vaccination with conventional approaches and considers current opportunities for the immunotherapy of anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Hugh Dyson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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Abstract
Infections of humans with Bacillus anthracis are an issue with respect to the biothreat both to civilians and military personnel, infections of individuals by infected livestock in endemic regions and, recently, infections of intravenous drug users injecting anthrax-contaminated heroin. Existing vaccination regimens are reliant on protective antigen neutralization induced by repeated boosts with the AVA or AVP vaccines. However, there is ongoing interest in updated approaches in light of the intensive booster regime and extent of reactogenicity inherent in the current protocols. Several other immunogens from the B. anthracis proteome have been characterized in recent years, including lethal factor. Lethal factor induces strong CD4 T-cell immunity and encompasses immunodominant epitopes of relevance across diverse HLA polymorphisms. Taken together, recent studies emphasize the potential benefits of vaccines able to confer synergistic immunity to protective antigen and to other immunogens, targeting both B-cell and T-cell repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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Ascough S, Ingram RJ, Abarra A, Holmes AJ, Maillere B, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Injectional anthrax infection due to heroin use induces strong immunological memory. J Infect 2014; 68:200-3. [PMID: 24513100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The management of anthrax remains a top priority among the biowarfare/bioterror agents. It was the Bacillus anthracis spore attack through the US mail system after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the USA that highlighted the potential of B. anthracis as a bioterrorism agent and the threat posed by its deliberate dissemination. These attacks invigorated the efforts toward understanding the anthrax pathogenesis and development of more comprehensive medical intervention strategies for its containment in case of both natural disease and manmade, accidental or deliberate infection of a non-suspecting population. Currently, efforts are directed toward the development of safe and efficacious vaccines as well as intervention tools for controlling the disease in the advanced fulminant stage when toxemia has already developed. This work presents an overview of the current understanding of anthrax pathogenesis and recent advances made, particularly after 2001, for the successful management of anthrax and outlines future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, Delhi, India
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