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Abebe AA, Birhanu AG. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Drug Resistance Development and Novel Strategies to Combat. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7641-7662. [PMID: 38111667 PMCID: PMC10726795 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s428103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major threat to global health. Infection caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the well-recognized global public health problem globally. In some regions, as many as 90% of S. aureus infections are reported to be MRSA, which cannot be treated with standard antibiotics. WHO reports indicated that MRSA is circulating in every province worldwide, significantly increasing the risk of death by 64% compared to drug-sensitive forms of the infection which is attributed to its antibiotic resistance. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant MRSA strains have contributed to its increased prevalence in both healthcare and community settings. The resistance of S. aureus to methicillin is due to expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which renders it impervious to the action of β-lactam antibiotics including methicillin. The other is through the production of beta-lactamases. Although the treatment options for MRSA are limited, there are promising alternatives to antibiotics to combat the infections. Innovative therapeutic strategies with wide range of activity and modes of action are yet to be explored. The review highlights the global challenges posed by MRSA, elucidates the mechanisms underlying its resistance development, and explores mitigation strategies. Furthermore, it focuses on alternative therapies such as bacteriophages, immunotherapy, nanobiotics, and antimicrobial peptides, emphasizing their synergistic effects and efficacy against MRSA. By examining these alternative approaches, this review provides insights into the potential strategies for tackling MRSA infections and combatting the escalating threat of AMR. Ultimately, a multifaceted approach encompassing both conventional and novel interventions is imperative to mitigate the impact of MRSA and ensure a sustainable future for global healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assefa Asnakew Abebe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Godana Birhanu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Doan L, Tran K. Relationship between the Polymer Blend Using Chitosan, Polyethylene Glycol, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, and Antimicrobial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2453. [PMID: 37896214 PMCID: PMC10610092 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The findings from Pareto charts, main effect plots, and interaction plots demonstrate the importance of polymer concentration. Increasing concentration improves the inhibition percentage and decreases the MIC50. However, the primary factor that influences these changes is chitosan (CS). Additionally, the interaction between CS and PVP, along with other polymers, plays a crucial role in achieving better antimicrobial effects. These results enhance our understanding of the antimicrobial properties of the studied polymers and offer valuable insights for developing effective antimicrobial formulations. The MIC50 value of M1-M16 was at a polymer percentage of 12.5%. At 12.5% polymer percentage, with the limits of [PVA], [PEG], and [PVP] being 0.002-0.004 g/mL and [CS] being 0.001-0.002 g/mL, using the 2-level full factorial method, the inhibition percentage is equal to 174.1 - 27,812 PVA - 18,561 PVP - 25,960 PEG - 38,752 CS + 9,263,047 PVA*PVP + 10,430,763 PVA*PEG + 15,397,157 PVA*CS + 7,088,313 PVP*PEG + 7,841,221 PVP*CS + 14,228,046 PEG*CS - 3,367,292,860 PVA*PVP*PEG - 5,671,998,721 PVA*PVP*CS - 6,619,041,275 PVA*PEG*CS - 3,917,095,529 PVP*PEG*CS + 2,273,661,969,470 PVA*PVP*PEG*CS. Theoretically, the most economical concentrations of PVA, PVP, PEG, and CS are 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, and 0.001 mg/mL at a concentration of 12.5% to reach an inhibition percentage of 99.162%, which coincides with the MBC value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Doan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, International University—Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
- Nanomaterials Engineering Research & Development (NERD) Laboratory, International University—Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Khoa Tran
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, International University—Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
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Mohamad Farook NA, Argimón S, Abdul Samat MN, Salleh SA, Sulaiman S, Tan TL, Periyasamy P, Lau CL, Ismail Z, Muhammad Azami NA, Ang MY, Neoh HM. Diversity and Dissemination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Genotypes in Southeast Asia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7. [PMID: 36548693 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a successful pathogen that has achieved global dissemination, with high prevalence rates in Southeast Asia. A huge diversity of clones has been reported in this region, with MRSA ST239 being the most successful lineage. Nonetheless, description of MRSA genotypes circulating in the Southeast Asia region has, until now, remained poorly compiled. In this review, we aim to provide a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and distribution of MRSA clones in 11 Southeast Asian countries: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Myanmar, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, and Timor-Leste. Notably, while archaic multidrug-resistant hospital-associated (HA) MRSAs, such as the ST239-III and ST241-III, were prominent in the region during earlier observations, these were then largely replaced by the more antibiotic-susceptible community-acquired (CA) MRSAs, such as ST22-IV and PVL-positive ST30-IV, in recent years after the turn of the century. Nonetheless, reports of livestock-associated (LA) MRSAs remain few in the region.
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Gebremeskel FT, Alemayehu T, Ali MM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic susceptibility profile and associated factors among hospitalized patients at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. IJID Reg 2022; 3:129-34. [PMID: 35755464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infection, which is difficult to treat because of antibiotic resistance. There is scant data on MRSA from southern parts of Ethiopia. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA nasal carriage, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and associated factors among hospitalized patients attending Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HUCSH), Hawassa, Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 11, 2019 to February 15, 2020. Background and clinical data were captured by an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Nasal swabs were collected aseptically and inoculated onto mannitol salt agar and sheep blood agar, which was incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. S. aureus was confirmed using standard bacteriological methods. MRSA was identified using the cefoxitin Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results Of the 280 included hospitalized patients, 38 (13.6%) were colonized with S. aureus. The prevalence of MRSA carriage was 9.3% (95% CI 6.1‒12.2). Twenty-six (68.4%) of the S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. Participants with a monthly income > 4000 Ethiopian Birr were four times more likely to be colonized with MRSA (p = 0.022). A high proportion of patients with a history of admission to the surgical ward was colonized with MRSA. Over 10% of MRSA isolates were resistant to all antibiotics except clindamycin and erythromycin. Of the 26 MRSA isolates, 88.5% showed multidrug resistance. Conclusions The prevalence of MRSA was relatively high among hospitalized patients at HUCSH. Factors such as weight and monthly income were significantly associated with the occurrence of MRSA.
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San T, Aung MS, San N, Aung MMZ, Mon WLY, Thazin TE, Kobayashi N. Bacterial Species and Antimicrobial Resistance of Clinical Isolates from Pediatric Patients in Yangon, Myanmar, 2020. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:26-32. [PMID: 35076535 PMCID: PMC8788269 DOI: 10.3390/idr14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a concern in medical care for children who have high burden of infectious diseases. We investigated the prevalence of bacterial species and their susceptibility to antimicrobials of 1019 clinical isolates from pediatric patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Yangon, Myanmar for one-year period (2020). The most frequently recovered species was Escherichia coli, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, all of which accounted for 43% of clinical isolates, while 25% of isolates comprised non-fermenter, including Pseudomonas sp. and Acinetobacter sp. Phenotypically determined ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase)-positive rates in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Enterobacter sp. were 82%, 88%, and 65%, respectively. High rates of multiple drug resistance were noted for E. coli (84%), K. pneumoniae (81%), and Acinetobacter sp. (65%), associated with carbapenem resistance in 48%, 42%, and 59% of isolates, respectively. In contrast, S. aureus isolates exhibited low resistance rates (<30%) to most of antimicrobials, with 22% being resistant to oxacillin/cefoxitin. Fluoroquinolone resistance was found in most of bacterial species with different prevalence rates. The present study revealed the current status on prevalence of bacterial species causing infections in pediatric patients in Myanmar, highlighting the significance to monitor AMR among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thida San
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangon Children’s Hospital, Yangon 11191, Myanmar; (T.S.); (T.E.T.)
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
| | - Nilar San
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon 11031, Myanmar;
| | - Myat Myint Zu Aung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11131, Myanmar;
| | - Win Lei Yi Mon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangon General Hospital, Yangon 11131, Myanmar;
| | - Thin Ei Thazin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangon Children’s Hospital, Yangon 11191, Myanmar; (T.S.); (T.E.T.)
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-611-2111
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El Kharraf S, Faleiro ML, Abdellah F, El-Guendouz S, El Hadrami EM, Miguel MG. Simultaneous Hydrodistillation-Steam Distillation of Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Citrus aurantium from Morocco, Major Terpenes: Impact on Biological Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185452. [PMID: 34576924 PMCID: PMC8472154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the use of essential oils (EOs) in the biomedical and food industries have seen growing over the last decades due to their richness in bioactive compounds. The challenges in developing an EO extraction process that assure an efficient levels of monoterpenes with impact on biological activities have driven the present study, in which the EO extraction process of rosemary, lavender and citrus was performed by simultaneous hydrodistillation-steam distillation, and the influence of EO composition on biological activities, namely antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity, were evaluated. The EO yields of combinations were generally higher than the individual plants (R. officinalis (Ro), L. angustifolia (La), and C. aurantium (Ca)) extracted by the conventional hydrodistillation. The EOs obtained by this process generally had a better capacity for scavenging the free radicals, inhibiting α-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase activities than the individual EOs. The combination of EOs did not improve the ability for scavenging peroxide hydrogen or the capacity for inhibiting lipoxygenase activity. The antioxidant activity or the enzyme inhibition activity could not only be attributed to their major compounds because they presented lower activities than the EOs. The chemical composition of the combination Ro:La:Ca, at the ratio 1/6:1/6:2/3, was enriched in 1,8-cineole, linalool, and linalyl acetate and resulted in lower MIC values for all tested strains in comparison with the ratio 1/6:2/3:1/6 that was deprived on those components. The biofilm formation of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria was impaired by the combination Ro:La:Ca at a sub-inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El Kharraf
- Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP: 2202, Imouzzer, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (E.M.E.H.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.L.F.); (S.E.-G.)
| | - Maria Leonor Faleiro
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.L.F.); (S.E.-G.)
- Algarve Biomedical Center, Research Institute, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Farah Abdellah
- Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP: 2202, Imouzzer, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (E.M.E.H.)
| | - Soukaïna El-Guendouz
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.L.F.); (S.E.-G.)
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - El Mestafa El Hadrami
- Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP: 2202, Imouzzer, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (E.M.E.H.)
| | - Maria Graça Miguel
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.L.F.); (S.E.-G.)
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-289-800-100
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