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Sailaja STN, Maisuls I, Hepp A, Brünink D, Doltsinis NL, Faust A, Hermann S, Strassert CA. Dual Emissive Zn(II) Naphthalocyanines: Synthesis, Structural and Photophysical Characterization with Theory-Supported Insights towards Soluble Coordination Compounds with Visible and Near-Infrared Emission. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2605. [PMID: 38473852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal phthalocyaninates and their higher homologues are recognized as deep-red luminophores emitting from their lowest excited singlet state. Herein, we report on the design, synthesis, and in-depth characterization of a new class of dual-emissive (visible and NIR) metal naphthalocyaninates. A 4-N,N-dimethylaminophen-4-yl-substituted naphthalocyaninato zinc(II) complex (Zn-NMe2Nc) and the derived water-soluble coordination compound (Zn-NMe3Nc) exhibit a near-infrared fluorescence from the lowest ligand-centered state, along with a unique push-pull-supported luminescence in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An unprecedentedly broad structural (2D-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) as well as photophysical characterization (steady-state state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy) is presented. The unique dual emission was assigned to two independent sets of singlet states related to the intrinsic Q-band of the macrocycle and to the push-pull substituents in the molecular periphery, respectively, as predicted by TD-DFT calculations. In general, the elusive chemical aspects of these macrocyclic compounds are addressed, involving both reaction conditions, thorough purification, and in-depth characterization. Besides the fundamental aspects that are investigated herein, the photoacoustic properties were exemplarily examined using phantom gels to assess their tomographic imaging capabilities. Finally, the robust luminescence in the visible range arising from the push-pull character of the peripheral moieties demonstrated a notable independence from aggregation and was exemplarily implemented for optical imaging (FLIM) through time-resolved multiphoton micro(spectro)scopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Thulaseedharan Nair Sailaja
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dana Brünink
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faust
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Universität Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Universität Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Huber A, Dubbert J, Scherz TD, Voskuhl J. Design Concepts for Solution and Solid-State Emitters - A Modern Viewpoint on Classical and Non-Classical Approaches. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202481. [PMID: 36193996 PMCID: PMC10099667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, luminescence phenomena were strictly distinguished between the emission of isolated molecules in dilute solutions or close-packed structures such as in powders or aggregates. This changed with the breakthrough observation of dual-state efficient materials, which led to a rapid boost of publications examining the influence of structural features to achieve balanced emission with disregarded molecular surroundings. Some first general structural design concepts have already been proposed based on reoccurring patterns and pivotal motifs. However, we have found another way to classify these solution and solid-state emitters (SSSEs). Hence, this minireview aims to present an overview of published structural features of SSSEs while shining light on design concepts from a more generalized perspective. Since SSSEs are believed to bridge the gap of hitherto known aggregation-sensitive compound classes, we hope to give future scientists a versatile tool in hand to efficiently design novel luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin Dubbert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim D Scherz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
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Mazumdar AK, Nanda GP, Yadav N, Deori U, Acharyya U, Sk B, Rajamalli P. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters: sensing and boosting spin-flipping by aggregation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1177-1187. [PMID: 36128432 PMCID: PMC9475190 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-free organic emitters with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics are emerging due to the potential applications in optoelectronic devices, time-resolved luminescence imaging, and solid-phase sensing. Herein, we synthesized two (4-bromobenzoyl)pyridine (BPy)-based donor–acceptor (D–A) compounds with varying donor size and strength: the emitter BPy-pTC with tert-butylcarbazole (TC) as the donor and BPy-p3C with bulky tricarbazole (3C) as the donor unit. Both BPy-pTC and BPy-p3C exhibited prominent emission with TADF properties in solution and in the solid phase. The stronger excited-state charge transfer was obtained for BPy-p3C due to the bulkier donor, leading to a more twisted D–A geometry than that of BPy-pTC. Hence, BPy-p3C exhibited aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) in a THF/water mixture. Interestingly, the singlet–triplet energy gap (ΔEST) was reduced for both compounds in the aggregated state as compared to toluene solution. Consequently, a faster reverse intersystem crossing rate (kRISC) was obtained in the aggregated state, facilitating photon upconversion, leading to enhanced delayed fluorescence. Further, the lone-pair electrons of the pyridinyl nitrogen atom were found to be sensitive to acidic protons. Hence, the exposure to acid and base vapors using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and triethylamine (TEA) led to solid-phase fluorescence switching with fatigue resistance. The current study demonstrates the role of the donor strength and size in tuning ΔEST in the aggregated state as well as the relevance for fluorescence-based acid–base sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Mazumdar
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Gyana Prakash Nanda
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Nisha Yadav
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Upasana Deori
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Upasha Acharyya
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Bahadur Sk
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Pachaiyappan Rajamalli
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
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Riebe S, Adam S, Roy B, Maisuls I, Daniliuc CG, Dubbert J, Strassert CA, Schapiro I, Voskuhl J. Bridged Aromatic Oxo- and Thioethers with Intense Emission in Solution and the Solid State. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2307-2313. [PMID: 34155813 PMCID: PMC8456941 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report on a class of emitters based on bridged oxo- and/or thioethers revealing striking photoluminescence properties in fluid solution and in the solid state. In total, nine compounds were investigated concerning their photophysical properties, which were interpreted by quantum chemical calculations. To our delight, we discovered compounds possessing nearly identical photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦF ) in solution and in the solid state, which has been rarely reported so far. Besides these efforts, we shed light on the influence of polymorphism and solvent polarity on the emission properties. In addition, an in-depth X-ray diffractometric analysis was conducted to correlate molecular packing in the crystal with differences in the photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Riebe
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Suliman Adam
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bibhisan Roy
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Justin Dubbert
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
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Abstract
The reaction of diiminoisoindoline and iminoxoisoindoline with aminoazoles results in the formation of bidentate chelates that can be considered a semihemiporphyrazine. These chelates react with BF3 to produce fluorescent compounds that are structurally analogous to the BODIPY dyes. These difluoroboron semihemiporphyrazines (BOSHPYs) aggregate, and the type of aggregation (H or J) is determined by a single atom at the periphery of the ligand (O or N). Notably, the imine terminated compounds remain fluorescent upon aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44312-3601, United States
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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