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Choudhary HB, Mandlik SK, Mandlik DS. Role of p53 suppression in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2023; 14:46-70. [PMID: 37304923 PMCID: PMC10251250 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v14.i3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the top 10 most prevalent malignancies. HCC formation has indeed been linked to numerous etiological factors, including alcohol usage, hepatitis viruses and liver cirrhosis. Among the most prevalent defects in a wide range of tumours, notably HCC, is the silencing of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. The control of the cell cycle and the preservation of gene function are both critically important functions of p53. In order to pinpoint the core mechanisms of HCC and find more efficient treatments, molecular research employing HCC tissues has been the main focus. Stimulated p53 triggers necessary reactions that achieve cell cycle arrest, genetic stability, DNA repair and the elimination of DNA-damaged cells’ responses to biological stressors (like oncogenes or DNA damage). To the contrary hand, the oncogene protein of the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a significant biological inhibitor of p53. MDM2 causes p53 protein degradation, which in turn adversely controls p53 function. Despite carrying wt-p53, the majority of HCCs show abnormalities in the p53-expressed apoptotic pathway. High p53 in-vivo expression might have two clinical impacts on HCC: (1) Increased levels of exogenous p53 protein cause tumour cells to undergo apoptosis by preventing cell growth through a number of biological pathways; and (2) Exogenous p53 makes HCC susceptible to various anticancer drugs. This review describes the functions and primary mechanisms of p53 in pathological mechanism, chemoresistance and therapeutic mechanisms of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena B Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
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Münz F, Lopez Perez R, Trinh T, Sisombath S, Weber KJ, Wuchter P, Debus J, Saffrich R, Huber PE, Nicolay NH. Human mesenchymal stem cells lose their functional properties after paclitaxel treatment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:312. [PMID: 29321693 PMCID: PMC5762916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an integral part of the bone marrow niche and aid in the protection, regeneration and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells after exposure to myelotoxic taxane anti-cancer agents, but the influence of taxane compounds on MSCs themselves remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that bone marrow-derived MSCs are highly sensitive even to low concentrations of the prototypical taxane compound paclitaxel. While MSCs remained metabolically viable, they were strongly impaired regarding both their proliferation and their functional capabilities after exposure to paclitaxel. Paclitaxel treatment resulted in reduced cell migration, delays in cellular adhesion and significant dose-dependent inhibition of the stem cells’ characteristic multi-lineage differentiation potential. Cellular morphology and expression of the defining surface markers remained largely unaltered. Paclitaxel only marginally increased apoptosis in MSCs, but strongly induced premature senescence in these stem cells, thereby explaining the preservation of the metabolic activity of functionally inactivated MSCs. The reported sensitivity of MSC function to paclitaxel treatment may help to explain the severe bone marrow toxicities commonly caused by taxane-based anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Münz
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramon Lopez Perez
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thuy Trinh
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonevisay Sisombath
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Josef Weber
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Saffrich
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Rühle A, Perez RL, Glowa C, Weber KJ, Ho AD, Debus J, Saffrich R, Huber PE, Nicolay NH. Cisplatin radiosensitizes radioresistant human mesenchymal stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87809-87820. [PMID: 29152122 PMCID: PMC5675674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemo-radiotherapy is widely used to treat cancers with often severe therapy-associated late toxicities. While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were shown to aid regeneration of cisplatin- or radiation-induced tissue lesions, the effect of the combined treatment on the stem cells remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that cisplatin treatment radiosensitized human bone marrow-derived MSCs in a dose-dependent manner and increased levels of radiation-induced apoptosis. However, the defining stem cell properties of MSCs remained largely intact after cisplatin-based chemo-radiation, and stem cell motility, adhesion, surface marker expression and the characteristic differentiation potential were not significantly influenced. The increased cisplatin-mediated radiosensitivity was associated with a cell cycle shift of MSCs towards the radiosensitive G2/M phase and increased residual DNA double-strand breaks. These data demonstrate for the first time a dose-dependent radiosensitization effect of MSCs by cisplatin. Clinically, the observed increase in radiation sensitivity and subsequent loss of regenerative MSCs may contribute to the often severe late toxicities observed after cisplatin-based chemo-radiotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rühle
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramon Lopez Perez
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christin Glowa
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Josef Weber
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Saffrich
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Nicolay NH, Lopez Perez R, Rühle A, Trinh T, Sisombath S, Weber KJ, Ho AD, Debus J, Saffrich R, Huber PE. Mesenchymal stem cells maintain their defining stem cell characteristics after treatment with cisplatin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20035. [PMID: 26805490 DOI: 10.1038/srep20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) aid the regeneration of tissues damaged by treatment with cisplatin. However, the effects of this cytotoxic drug on the stem cells have been largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that human bone marrow-derived MSCs are relatively resistant to cisplatin treatment and show resistance levels comparable to these of differentiated fibroblasts. Cisplatin did not affect cellular morphology, adhesion or induction of apoptosis in MSCs. The potential for differentiation was preserved after exposure to cisplatin, and established MSC surface markers were observed to be stably expressed irrespective of cisplatin treatment. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and high expression levels of individual heat shock proteins were detected in MSCs and may be partly responsible for the observed cisplatin resistance. The cisplatin-resistant phenotype of human MSCs supports the concept of further investigating these stem cells as a potential treatment option for cisplatin-induced tissue damage.
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Zhang B, Shan H, Li D, Li ZR, Zhu KS, Jiang ZB. The inhibitory effect of MSCs expressing TRAIL as a cellular delivery vehicle in combination with cisplatin on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1175-84. [PMID: 22922789 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.21347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been demonstrated to induce cell apoptosis in many types of tumors, while many hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells display high resistance to TRAIL. Another outstanding limitation of TRAIL is the short half-life in vivo. Stem cell-based therapies provide a promising approach for the treatment of many types of tumors because of the ability of tropism. Therefore, as a new therapeutic strategy, the combination of chemotherapeutic agents and TRAIL gene modified MSCs (TRAIL-MSCs) would improve the therapeutic efficacy of HCC in vivo. This is the first time to show the potential of combination of chemotherapeutic agents and MSCs as a gene vector in the therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Stagni V, Santini S, Barilà D. A New Player in the Development of TRAIL Based Therapies for Hepatocarcinoma Treatment: ATM Kinase. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:354-78. [PMID: 24213315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. HCCs are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous tumors characterized by very poor prognosis, mainly due to the lack, at present, of effective therapeutic options, as these tumors are rarely suitable for radiotherapy and often resistant to chemotherapy protocols. In the last years, agonists targeting the Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) death receptor, has been investigated as a valuable promise for cancer therapy, based on their selectivity for malignant cells and low toxicity for healthy cells. However, many cancer models display resistance to death receptor induced apoptosis, pointing to the requirement for the development of combined therapeutic approaches aimed to selectively sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL. Recently, we identified ATM kinase as a novel modulator of the ability of chemotherapeutic agents to enhance TRAIL sensitivity. Here, we review the biological determinants of HCC responsiveness to TRAIL and provide an exhaustive and updated analysis of the molecular mechanisms exploited for combined therapy in this context. The role of ATM kinase as potential novel predictive biomarker for combined therapeutic approaches based on TRAIL and chemotherapeutic drugs will be closely discussed.
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