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Liu Z, Li L, Xue B, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Yan X. A New Lectin from Auricularia auricula Inhibited the Proliferation of Lung Cancer Cells and Improved Pulmonary Flora. Biomed Res Int 2021; 2021:5597135. [PMID: 34337031 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5597135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are widely distributed in the natural world and are usually involved in antitumor activities. Auricularia auricula (A. auricula) is a medicinal and edible homologous fungus. A. auricula contains many active ingredients, such as polysaccharides, melanin, flavonoids, adenosine, sterols, alkaloids, and terpenes. In this study, we expected to isolate and purify lectin from A. auricula, determine the glycoside bond type and sugar-specific protein of A. auricula lectin (AAL), and finally, determine its antitumor activities. We used ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography to separate and purify lectin from A. auricula. The result was a 25 kDa AAL with a relative molecular mass of 18913.22. Protein identification results suggested that this lectin contained four peptide chains by comparing with the UniProt database. The FT-IR and β-elimination reaction demonstrated that the connection between the oligosaccharide and polypeptide of AAL was an N-glucoside bond. Analyses of its physical and chemical properties showed that AAL was a temperature-sensitive and acidic/alkaline-dependent glycoprotein. Additionally, the anticancer experiment manifested that AAL inhibited the proliferation of A549, and the IC50 value was 28.19 ± 1.92 μg/mL. RNA sequencing dataset analyses detected that AAL may regulate the expression of JUN, TLR4, and MYD88 to suppress tumor proliferation. Through the pulmonary flora analysis, the bacterial structure of each phylum in the lectin treatment group was more reasonable, and the colonization ability of the normal microflora was improved, indicating that lectin treatment could significantly improve the bacterial diversity characteristics.
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Sedighzadeh SS, Khoshbin AP, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Rezaei N. A narrative review of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer: regulation of macrophage polarization and therapeutic implications. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1889-1916. [PMID: 34012800 PMCID: PMC8107755 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy worldwide. An inflammatory microenvironment is a key factor contributing to lung tumor progression. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) are prominent components of the cancer immune microenvironment with diverse supportive and inhibitory effects on growth, progression, and metastasis of lung tumors. Two main macrophage phenotypes with different functions have been identified. They include inflammatory or classically activated (M1) and anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. The contrasting functions of TAMs in relation to lung neoplasm progression stem from the presence of TAMs with varying tumor-promoting or anti-tumor activities. This wide spectrum of functions is governed by a network of cytokines and chemokines, cell-cell interactions, and signaling pathways. TAMs are promising therapeutic targets for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. There are several strategies for TAM targeting and utilizing them for therapeutic purposes including limiting monocyte recruitment and localization through various pathways such as CCL2-CCR2, CSF1-CSF1R, and CXCL12-CXCR4, targeting the activation of TAMs, genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of TAMs to antitumor phenotype, and utilizing TAMs as the carrier for anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we will outline the role of macrophages in the lung cancer initiation and progression, pathways regulating their function in lung cancer microenvironment as well as the role of these immune cells in the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sadat Sedighzadeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Pastaki Khoshbin
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, UK
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Ge Z, Ding S. The Crosstalk Between Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) and Tumor Cells and the Corresponding Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:590941. [PMID: 33224886 PMCID: PMC7670061 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.590941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of tumor cells and surrounding non-tumor stromal cells, mainly including tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), endothelial cells, and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The TAMs are the major components of non-tumor stromal cells, and play an important role in promoting the occurrence and development of tumors. Macrophages originate from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and embryonic yolk sacs. There is close crosstalk between TAMs and tumor cells. With the occurrence of tumors, tumor cells secrete various chemokines to recruit monocytes to infiltrate tumor tissues and further promote their M2-type polarization. Importantly, M2-like TAMs can in turn accelerate tumor growth, promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and inhibit immune killing to promote tumor progression. Therefore, targeting TAMs in tumor tissues has become one of the principal strategies in current tumor immunotherapy. Current treatment strategies focus on reducing macrophage infiltration in tumor tissues and reprogramming TAMs to M1-like to kill tumors. Although these treatments have had some success, their effects are still limited. This paper mainly summarized the recruitment and polarization of macrophages by tumors, the support of TAMs for the growth of tumors, and the research progress of TAMs targeting tumors, to provide new treatment strategies for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ge
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Wang J, Wang X, Wang Y, Li S, Wang X. Krüppel like factor 6 splice variant 1 (KLF6-SV1) overexpression recruits macrophages to participate in lung cancer metastasis by up-regulating TWIST1. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:680-691. [PMID: 30590988 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1550570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which KLF6-SV1 promoted lung cancer metastasis through tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Plasmid transfection was used to construct cells that upregulated or silenced gene. Tumor-bearing mouse model was established using A549 cells. SP staining was performed to detect the CD163 and CD68. Six-well plates and Transwell chamber were used for co-culture of lung cancer A549 cells and macrophages. CCK-8 and Transwell assay were applied to detected the cell viability and migration respectively. Protein and mRNA were tested by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).KLF6-SV1 overexpression promoted the expression levels of TWIST1 and CCL2, and also induce macrophage polarization to M2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vitro experiments showed that KLF6-SV1 might regulate the migration of lung cancer cells by regulating the expression of TWIST1 and CCL-2. M2 macrophages did not affect the expression of KLF6-SV1, TWIST1 and CCL-2. The co-culture system could up-regulate the EMT of A549 cells.Overexpression of KLF6-SV1 promoted the expression of TWIST1 and CCL2, and up-regulation of TWIST1 expression might promote the infiltration of M2 macrophages, which promoted the involvement of EMT in the metastasis of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- a Department of Medical oncology , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xiao Wang
- b Department of Rheumatology , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Yawei Wang
- a Department of Medical oncology , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shuguang Li
- a Department of Medical oncology , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- a Department of Medical oncology , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
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Xu Y, Liu H, Liu S, Wang Y, Xie J, Stinchcombe TE, Su L, Zhang R, Christiani DC, Li W, Wei Q. Genetic variant of IRAK2 in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and survival of non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2400-2408. [PMID: 29978465 PMCID: PMC6205899 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immune responses and antigen-specific acquired immunity. Aberrant activation of the TLR pathway has a significant impact on carcinogenesis or tumor progression. Therefore, we hypothesize that genetic variants in the TLR signaling pathway genes are associated with overall survival (OS) of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To test this hypothesis, we first performed Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to evaluate associations between genetic variants of 165 TLR signaling pathway genes and NSCLC OS using the genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). The results were further validated by the Harvard Lung Cancer Susceptibility GWAS dataset. Specifically, we identified IRAK2 rs779901 C > T as a predictor of NSCLC OS, with a variant-allele (T) attributed hazards ratio (HR) of 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.67-0.91, P = 0.001] in the PLCO dataset, 0.84 (0.72-0.98, 0.031) in the Harvard dataset, and 0.81 (0.73-0.90, 1.08x10-4 ) in the meta-analysis of these two GWAS datasets. In addition, the T allele was significantly associated with an increased mRNA expression level of IRAK2. Our findings suggest that IRAK2 rs779901 C > T may be a promising prognostic biomarker for NSCLC OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shun Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jichun Xie
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas E. Stinchcombe
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Ruyang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Semlali A, Almutairi M, Rouabhia M, Reddy Parine N, Al Amri A, S. Al-Numair N, M. Hawsawi Y, Saud Alanazi M. Novel sequence variants in the TLR6 gene associated with advanced breast cancer risk in the Saudi Arabian population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203376. [PMID: 30388713 PMCID: PMC6214682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we evaluated the association of the Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3796508 (Val327Met) and rs5743810 (Ser249Pro) with breast cancer (BC) susceptibility in Saudi Arabian women, using in silico analysis. We found no significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies for rs3796508 between the BC patients (n = 127) and healthy individuals (n = 116). However, 86% of the BC patients, versus 98% of the healthy controls, carried the rs5743810 Pro allele (OR = 0.103, CI = 0.036–0.293, P = 0.00001). Advanced analysis based on the comparison of the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and -negative patients with the healthy controls indicated a significant association between rs5743810 allelic frequency and BC risk protection (OR = 0.100, CI = 0.034–0.297, P = 0.00001 for ER+ BC cases; OR = 0.102, CI = 0.033–0.318, P = 0.00001 for ER−BC cases). Furthermore, rs5743810 was associated with BC risk protection at either above or below 48 years of age at diagnosis (OR = 0.101, CI = 0.022–0.455, P = 0.00037 for age ≤48 years; OR = 0.120, CI = 0.028–0.519, P = 0.00087 for age >48 years). Such associations were not found for rs3796508. In silico analysis indicated that these SNPs had neutral effects within the TLR6 structure, confirming the protective role of rs5743810. Our findings therefore suggest a strong association between rs5743810 and protection against BC risk in Saudi Arabian women. Importantly, the rs5743810 Pro allele could be a potential BC diagnostic biomarker in this ethnic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mikhlid Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Narasimha Reddy Parine
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al Amri
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Nouf S. Al-Numair
- Department of Genetics, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef M. Hawsawi
- Department of Genetics, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Saud Alanazi
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Cui J, Xu W, Chen J, Li H, Dai L, Frank JA, Peng S, Wang S, Chen G. M2 polarization of macrophages facilitates arsenic-induced cell transformation of lung epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21398-21409. [PMID: 28423485 PMCID: PMC5400592 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The alterations in microenvironment upon chronic arsenic exposure may contribute to arsenic-induced lung carcinogenesis. Immune cells, such as macrophages, play an important role in mediating the microenvironment in the lungs. Macrophages carry out their functions after activation. There are two activation status for macrophages: classical (M1) or alternative (M2); the latter is associated with tumorigenesis. Our previous work showed that long-term arsenic exposure induces transformation of lung epithelial cells. However, the crosstalk between epithelial cells and macrophages upon arsenic exposure has not been investigated. In this study, using a co-culture system in which human lung epithelial cells are cultured with macrophages, we determined that long-term arsenic exposure polarizes macrophages towards M2 status through ROS generation. Co-culture with epithelial cells further enhanced the polarization of macrophages as well as transformation of epithelial cells, while blocking macrophage M2 polarization decreased the transformation. In addition, macrophage M2 polarization decreased autophagy activity, which may account for increased cell transformation of epithelial cells with co-culture of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, China.,Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361001, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Frank
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shaojun Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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El-Aarag SA, Mahmoud A, Hashem MH, Abd Elkader H, Hemeida AE, ElHefnawi M. In silico identification of potential key regulatory factors in smoking-induced lung cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:40. [PMID: 28592245 PMCID: PMC5463402 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is the most commonly diagnosed cancer. Like other cancers, it is a complex and highly heterogeneous disease involving multiple signaling pathways. Identifying potential therapeutic targets is critical for the development of effective treatment strategies. Methods We used a systems biology approach to identify potential key regulatory factors in smoking-induced lung cancer. We first identified genes that were differentially expressed between smokers with normal lungs and those with cancerous lungs, then integrated these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with data from a protein-protein interaction database to build a network model with functional modules for pathway analysis. We also carried out a gene set enrichment analysis of DEG lists using the Kinase Enrichment Analysis (KEA), Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) hubs, and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) databases. Results Twelve transcription factors were identified as having potential significance in lung cancer (CREB1, NUCKS1, HOXB4, MYCN, MYC, PHF8, TRIM28, WT1, CUX1, CRX, GABP, and TCF3); three of these (CRX, GABP, and TCF) have not been previously implicated in lung carcinogenesis. In addition, 11 kinases were found to be potentially related to lung cancer (MAPK1, IGF1R, RPS6KA1, ATR, MAPK14, MAPK3, MAPK4, MAPK8, PRKCZ, and INSR, and PRKAA1). However, PRKAA1 is reported here for the first time. MEPCE, CDK1, PRKCA, COPS5, GSK3B, BRCA1, EP300, and PIN1 were identified as potential hubs in lung cancer-associated signaling. In addition, we found 18 pathways that were potentially related to lung carcinogenesis, of which 12 (mitogen-activated protein kinase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Toll-like receptor, ErbB, and insulin signaling; purine and ether lipid metabolism; adherens junctions; regulation of autophagy; snare interactions in vesicular transport; and cell cycle) have been previously identified. Conclusion Our systems-based approach identified potential key molecules in lung carcinogenesis and provides a basis for investigations of tumor development as well as novel drug targets for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem A El-Aarag
- Bioinformatics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Amal Mahmoud
- Bioinformatics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Medhat H Hashem
- Animal biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hatem Abd Elkader
- Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computer and Information, Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
| | - Alaa E Hemeida
- Bioinformatics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud ElHefnawi
- Biomedical Informatics and Chemoinformatics Group, Informatics and Systems Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. .,Center of Informatics, Nile university, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza, Egypt.
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