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Høydahl LS, Frigstad T, Rasmussen IB, Øynebråten I, Schjetne KW, Andersen JT, Michaelsen TE, Lunde E, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Antibody-mediated delivery of T-cell epitopes to antigen-presenting cells induce strong CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Vaccine 2021; 39:1583-1592. [PMID: 33612340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antigen to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) enhances antigen presentation and thus, is a potent strategy for making more efficacious vaccines. This can be achieved by use of antibodies with specificity for endocytic surface molecules expressed on the APC. We aimed to compare two different antibody-antigen fusion modes in their ability to induce T-cell responses; first, exchange of immunoglobulin (Ig) constant domain loops with a T-cell epitope (Troybody), and second, fusion of T-cell epitope or whole antigen to the antibody C-terminus. Although both strategies are well-established, they have not previously been compared using the same system. We found that both antibody-antigen fusion modes led to presentation of the T-cell epitope. The strength of the T-cell responses varied, however, with the most efficient Troybody inducing CD4 T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion at 10-100-fold lower concentration than the antibodies carrying antigen fused to the C-terminus, both in vitro and after intravenous injection in mice. Furthermore, we exchanged this loop with an MHCI-restricted T-cell epitope, and the resulting antibody enabled efficient cross-presentation to CD8 T cells in vivo. Targeting of antigen to APCs by use of such antibody-antigen fusions is thus an attractive vaccination strategy for increased activation of both CD4 and CD8 peptide-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene S Høydahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway.
| | - Terje Frigstad
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Ingunn B Rasmussen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline W Schjetne
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Department of Infection Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Lunde
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
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Høglund RA, Torsetnes SB, Lossius A, Bogen B, Homan EJ, Bremel R, Holmøy T. Human Cysteine Cathepsins Degrade Immunoglobulin G In Vitro in a Predictable Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194843. [PMID: 31569504 PMCID: PMC6801702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are critical components of the adaptive immune system involved in the generation of epitopes for presentation on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and have been implicated in degradation of autoantigens. Immunoglobulin variable regions with somatic mutations and random complementarity region 3 amino acid composition are inherently immunogenic. T cell reactivity towards immunoglobulin variable regions has been investigated in relation to specific diseases, as well as reactivity to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Yet, how the immunoglobulins, or the B cell receptors, are processed in endolysosomal compartments of professional antigen presenting cells has not been described in detail. Here we present in silico and in vitro experimental evidence suggesting that cysteine cathepsins S, L and B may have important roles in generating peptides fitting HLA class II molecules, capable of being presented to T cells, from monoclonal antibodies as well as from central nervous system proteins including a well described autoantigen. By combining neural net models with in vitro proteomics experiments, we further suggest how such degradation can be predicted, how it fits with available cellular models, and that it is immunoglobulin heavy chain variable family dependent. These findings are relevant for biotherapeutic drug design as well as to understand disease development. We also suggest how these tools can be improved, including improved machine learning methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Alexander Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
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Fredriksen AB, Sandlie I, Bogen B. Targeted DNA vaccines for enhanced induction of idiotype-specific B and T cells. Front Oncol 2012; 2:154. [PMID: 23115759 PMCID: PMC3483591 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Idiotypes (Id) are antigenic determinants localized in variable (V) regions of Ig. Id-specific T and B cells (antibodies) play a role in immunotherapy of Id+ tumors. However, vaccine strategies that enhance Id-specific responses are needed. Methods: Id+ single-chain fragment variable (scFv) from multiple myelomas and B cell lymphomas were prepared in a fusion format that bivalently target surface molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC). APC-specific targeting units were either scFv from APC-specific mAb (anti-MHC II, anti-CD40) or chemokines (MIP-1α, RANTES). Homodimeric Id-vaccines were injected intramuscularly or intradermally as plasmids in mice, combined with electroporation. Results: (i) Transfected cells secreted plasmid-encoded Id+ fusion proteins to extracellular fluid followed by binding of vaccine molecules to APC. (ii) Targeted vaccine molecules increased Id-specific B and T cell responses. (iii) Bivalency and xenogeneic sequences both contributed to enhanced responses. (iv) Targeted Id DNA vaccines induced tumor resistance against challenges with Id+ tumors. (v) Human MIP-1α targeting units enhanced Id-specific responses in mice, due to a cross reaction with murine chemokine receptors. Thus, targeted vaccines designed for humans can be quality tested in mice. (vi) Human Id+ scFv from four multiple myeloma patients were inserted into the vaccine format and were successfully tested in mice. (vii) Human MIP-1α vaccine proteins enhanced human T cell responses in vitro. (viii) A hypothetical model for how the APC-targeted vaccine molecules enhance Id-specific T and B cells is presented. Conclusion: Targeted DNA Id-vaccines show promising results in preclinical studies, paving the way for testing in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete B Fredriksen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
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Rasmussen IB, Oynebraten I, Hoydahl LS, Flobakk M, Lunde E, Michaelsen TE, Bogen B, Sandlie I. CD40/APC-specific antibodies with three T-cell epitopes loaded in the constant domains induce CD4+ T-cell responses. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:89-96. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Stickler MM, Reddy A, Xiong JM, Hinton PR, DuBridge R, Harding FA. The human G1m1 allotype associates with CD4+ T-cell responsiveness to a highly conserved IgG1 constant region peptide and confers an asparaginyl endopeptidase cleavage site. Genes Immun 2011; 12:213-21. [PMID: 21326320 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The human G1m1 allotype comprises two amino acids, D12 and L14, in the CH3 domain of IGHG1. Although the G1m1 allotype is prevalent in human populations, ∼40% of Caucasiods are homozygous for the nG1m1 allotype corresponding to E12 and M14. Peptides derived from the G1m1 region were tested for their ability to induce CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses in vitro. A peptide immediately downstream from the G1m1 sequence was recognized by CD4+ T cells in a large percentage of donors (peptide CH315−29). CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses to CH315−29 were found at an increased frequency in nG1m1 homozygous donors. Homozygous nG1m1 donors possessing the HLA-DRB1*07 allele displayed the highest magnitudes of proliferation. CD4+ T cells from donors homozygous for nG1m1 proliferated to G1m1-carrying Fc-fragment proteins, whereas CD4+ T cells from G1m1 homozygous donors did not. The G1m1 sequence creates an enzymatic cleavage site for asparaginyl endopeptidase in vitro. Proteolytic activity at D12 may allow the presentation of the CH315−29 peptide, which in turn may result in the establishment of tolerance to this peptide in G1m1-positive donors. Homozygous nG1m1 patients may be more likely to develop CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune responses to therapeutic antibodies carrying the G1m1 allotype.
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De Re V, Pavan A, Sansonno S, Sansonno D, Racanelli V. Clonal CD27+ CD19+ B cell expansion through inhibition of FC gammaIIR in HCV(+) cryoglobulinemic patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1173:326-33. [PMID: 19758169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Persistent HCV infection may be associated with extrahepatic manifestations such as type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (II-MC), a clonal B cell proliferative disorder. In persistent HCV infection without II-MC, an increase in serum immunoglobulins (Ig) is commonly observed. This increase is polyclonal and is determined primarily by increased levels of IgG which include both HCV-specific and nonspecific antibodies. Nonetheless, memory CD27(+) B cells do not accumulate. This paradoxical phenomenon depends on heightened sensitivity of memory B cells to BCR-independent noncognate T cell help, which speeds up their terminal differentiation into antibody-secreting cells and makes them more prone to apoptosis. In persistent HCV infection with II-MC, serum Ig elevation is also a general occurrence, and characteristically includes IgM antibodies with rheumatoid factor activity, which are essential for the development of circulating, cryoprecipitable immune complexes. Hypergammaglobulinemia is sustained by a peripheral expansion of IgM(+)k(+)IgD(low/neg)CD21(low)CD27(+) B cells. These cells exhibit marked V(H), J(H), and V(K) gene segment usage restriction, indicating that a limited number of antigens drive their proliferation through BCR interaction. Recently, two epitopes, one of the human IgG and the second of the HCV(NS3) protein, had been identified and demonstrated able to link the BCR exposed on II-MC subjects. Based on the above findings, we propose a model whereby BCR binding the IgM/IgG/HCV(NS3) immune complexes deprives Fc gammaIIR of its natural ligand. This takes the brake off RF(+)CD27(+) B cell proliferation and promotes their selective accumulation, which is otherwise prevented by increased apoptosis susceptibility in persistent HCV infection without II-MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, DOMERT, Molecular Oncology and Translational Research Department, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy.
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