1
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Lu Y, Egedeuzu CS, Taylor PG, Wong LS. Development of Improved Spectrophotometric Assays for Biocatalytic Silyl Ether Hydrolysis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:492. [PMID: 38672508 PMCID: PMC11048244 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is the development of assays for the spectrophotometric quantification of biocatalytic silicon-oxygen bond hydrolysis. Central to these assays are a series of chromogenic substrates that release highly absorbing phenoxy anions upon cleavage of the sessile bond. These substrates were tested with silicatein, an enzyme from a marine sponge that is known to catalyse the hydrolysis and condensation of silyl ethers. It was found that, of the substrates tested, tert-butyldimethyl(2-methyl-4-nitrophenoxy)silane provided the best assay performance, as evidenced by the highest ratio of enzyme catalysed reaction rate compared with the background (uncatalysed) reaction. These substrates were also found to be suitable for detailed enzyme kinetics measurements, as demonstrated by their use to determine the Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters for silicatein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; (Y.L.); (C.S.E.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chisom S. Egedeuzu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; (Y.L.); (C.S.E.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Peter G. Taylor
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Lu Shin Wong
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; (Y.L.); (C.S.E.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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2
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Chen HH, Khatun Z, Wei L, Mekkaoui C, Patel D, Kim SJW, Boukhalfa A, Enoma E, Meng L, Chen YI, Kaikkonen L, Li G, Capen DE, Sahu P, Kumar ATN, Blanton RM, Yuan H, Das S, Josephson L, Sosnovik DE. A nanoparticle probe for the imaging of autophagic flux in live mice via magnetic resonance and near-infrared fluorescence. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1045-1056. [PMID: 35817962 PMCID: PMC9492651 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy-the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components via their sequestration into double-membraned autophagosomes-has not been detected non-invasively. Here we show that the flux of autophagosomes can be measured via magnetic resonance imaging or serial near-infrared fluorescence imaging of intravenously injected iron oxide nanoparticles decorated with cathepsin-cleavable arginine-rich peptides functionalized with the near-infrared fluorochrome Cy5.5 (the peptides facilitate the uptake of the nanoparticles by early autophagosomes, and are then cleaved by cathepsins in lysosomes). In the heart tissue of live mice, the nanoparticles enabled quantitative measurements of changes in autophagic flux, upregulated genetically, by ischaemia-reperfusion injury or via starvation, or inhibited via the administration of a chemotherapeutic or the antibiotic bafilomycin. In mice receiving doxorubicin, pre-starvation improved cardiac function and overall survival, suggesting that bursts of increased autophagic flux may have cardioprotective effects during chemotherapy. Autophagy-detecting nanoparticle probes may facilitate the further understanding of the roles of autophagy in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard H Chen
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zehedina Khatun
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lan Wei
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Choukri Mekkaoui
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dakshesh Patel
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sally Ji Who Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asma Boukhalfa
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Efosa Enoma
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lin Meng
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yinching I Chen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leena Kaikkonen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane E Capen
- Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Parul Sahu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand T N Kumar
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Blanton
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David E Sosnovik
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Strunge K, Hoinkis N, Lutz H, Alamdari S, Roeters SJ, Lu H, Pfaendtner J, Weidner T. Peptide Mimic of the Marine Sponge Protein Silicatein Fabricates Ultrathin Nanosheets of Silicon Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide. Langmuir 2022; 38:8087-8093. [PMID: 35727216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted attention for potential applications in light harvesting, catalysis, and molecular electronics. Mineral proteins involved in hard tissue biogenesis can produce 2D structures with high fidelity by using sustainable production routes. This study shows that a peptide mimic based on the catalytic triad of the marine sponge protein silicatein catalyzes the formation of nanometer thin and stable sheets of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Strunge
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nina Hoinkis
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Helmut Lutz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Alamdari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Steven J Roeters
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
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4
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Silva CP, Dias RO, Bernardes V, Barroso IG, Cardoso C, Ferreira C, Terra WR. Recruitment of lysosomal cathepsins B, L and D as digestive enzymes in Coleoptera. Insect Mol Biol 2022; 31:225-240. [PMID: 34918424 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of the lysosomal cathepsins B (CAB), L (CAL) and D (CAD) as luminal digestive enzymes was investigated in 3 species of beetles. Gene expression was determined by RNA-seq in different regions of the midgut and in the carcasses from the transcriptomes of Dermestes maculatus, Tenebrio molitor and Zabrotes subfasciatus. These data together with phylogenetic analyses, allowed us to identify the sequences of the gene coding for digestive and lysosomal CABs, CADs and CALs in T. molitor and Z. subfasciatus and observe the absence of digestive cathepsins in D. maculatus. Comparisons of structures based on the overall similarity of modelled structures were performed and subsite residues in the lysosomal and digestive CALs were identified by molecular docking. The data showed that S2 subsites are very variable, probably as an adaption to a luminal digestive role. The survey of sequences of the gene coding for cathepsins in the genomes of 13 beetle species from different phylogenetic groups showed that expansion of CAL and CAB genes occurred only in the Cucujiformia clade. Several digestive CABs have a reduced occluding loop, probably to act as digestive enzymes. Pollen-feeding was proposed to be the selective pressure to recruit cathepsins as digestive enzymes in Cucujiformia beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Renata O Dias
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bernardes
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ignacio G Barroso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clelia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Dvoryakova EA, Vinokurov KS, Tereshchenkova VF, Dunaevsky YE, Belozersky MA, Oppert B, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. Primary digestive cathepsins L of Tribolium castaneum larvae: Proteomic identification, properties, comparison with human lysosomal cathepsin L. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 140:103679. [PMID: 34763092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously described the most highly expressed enzymes from the gut of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as cathepsins L. In the present study, two C1 family-specific cysteine cathepsin L enzymes from the larval midgut were isolated and identified using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The isolated T. castaneum cathepsins were characterized according to their specificity against chromogenic and fluorogenic peptide substrates, and the most efficiently hydrolyzed substrate was Z-FR-pNA with Arg in the P1 subsite. The specificity of insect digestive cathepsins was compared with human lysosomal cathepsin L, the well-studied peptidase of the C1 family cathepsins. T. castaneum digestive cathepsins efficiently hydrolyzed substrates with small and uncharged amino acid residues at P1 (Ala, Gln) more than human cathepsin L. In particular, these insect digestive cathepsins cleaved with higher efficiency the analogs of immunogenic peptides of gliadins, which contribute to autoimmune celiac disease in susceptible people, and thus insect enzymes may be useful in enzymatic treatments for this disease. A bioinformatic study supported by the proteomic analysis of the primary structures of the isolated cathepsins was used to compare tertiary models. The phylogenetic analysis of coleopteran and human cathepsins from the L subfamily indicated that insect digestive cathepsins grouped separately from lysosomal cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Dvoryakova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - K S Vinokurov
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Czech Republic, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - V F Tereshchenkova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Y E Dunaevsky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M A Belozersky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - B Oppert
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - I Y Filippova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E N Elpidina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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6
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Possamaï D, Hanafi LA, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Hamelin K, Thébault P, Hébert MJ, Gagnon É, Leclerc D, Lapointe R. MHC class I antigen cross-presentation mediated by PapMV nanoparticles in human antigen-presenting cells is dependent on autophagy. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0261987. [PMID: 34972158 PMCID: PMC8719699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles made of the coat protein of papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) and a single-strand RNA were previously shown to be an efficient antigen presentation system for the trigger of cellular immunity. Engineering of PapMV nano with a cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope was previously shown activating specific T lymphocytes through a proteasome-independent major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) cross-presentation. In this study, we provide new insights into the mechanism of the MHC-I cross-presentation mediated by PapMV nanoparticles. We demonstrate that PapMV nanoparticles do not require the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), but rather depend on lysosome acidification and cathepsin S protease activity for presentation of the T cell epitope. We have also linked the induction of autophagy with this vacuolar MHC-I cross-presentation process. Interestingly, autophagy is induced in antigen-presenting cells after PapMV nanoparticles exposure and inhibition of autophagy reduce MHC-I cross-presentation. This study demonstrates that autophagy is associated with TAP- and proteasome-independent MHC-I cross-presentation. A deeper understanding of the autophagy-dependent MHC-I cross-presentation will be useful in designing vaccination platforms that aim to trigger an efficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Possamaï
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laïla-Aïcha Hanafi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Angélique Bellemare-Pelletier
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Katia Hamelin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paméla Thébault
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Étienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Leclerc
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Réjean Lapointe
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
We present the performances of our mathematical deep learning (MathDL) models for D3R Grand Challenge 4 (GC4). This challenge involves pose prediction, affinity ranking, and free energy estimation for beta secretase 1 (BACE) as well as affinity ranking and free energy estimation for Cathepsin S (CatS). We have developed advanced mathematics, namely differential geometry, algebraic graph, and/or algebraic topology, to accurately and efficiently encode high dimensional physical/chemical interactions into scalable low-dimensional rotational and translational invariant representations. These representations are integrated with deep learning models, such as generative adversarial networks (GAN) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) for pose prediction and energy evaluation, respectively. Overall, our MathDL models achieved the top place in pose prediction for BACE ligands in Stage 1a. Moreover, our submissions obtained the highest Spearman correlation coefficient on the affinity ranking of 460 CatS compounds, and the smallest centered root mean square error on the free energy set of 39 CatS molecules. It is worthy to mention that our method on docking pose predictions has significantly improved from our previous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Duy Nguyen
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kaifu Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Menglun Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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8
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Wang GH, He SW, Du X, Xie B, Gu QQ, Zhang M, Hu YH. Characterization, expression, enzymatic activity, and functional identification of cathepsin S from black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:623-630. [PMID: 31400512 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S belong to the cathepsin L-like family of cysteine cathepsins. It is well known that Cathepsin S participate in various physiological processes and host immune defense in mammals. However, in teleost fish, the function of cathepsin S is less investigated. In the present study, a cathepsin S homologue (SsCTSS) from the teleost fish black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) were identified and examined at expression and functional levels. In silico analysis showed that three domains, including signal peptide, cathepsin propeptide inhibitor I29 domain, and functional domain Pept_C1, were existed in the cathepsin. SsCTSS possesses a peptidase domain with three catalytically essential residues (Cys25, His162, and Asn183). Phylogenetic profiling indicated that SsCTSS are evolutionally close to the cathepsin S of other teleost fish. The expression of SsCTSS in immune-related tissues was upregulated in a time-dependent manner upon bacterial pathogen infection. Purified recombinant SsCTSS (rSsCTSS) exhibited apparent peptidase activity, which was remarkably declined in the presence of the cathepsin inhibitor E-64. rSsCTSS showed strong binding ability to LPS and PGN, the major constituents of the outer membranes of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. rSsCTSS also exhibited the capability of agglutination to different bacteria. The knockdown of SsCTSS attenuated the ability of host to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Taken together, our results suggested that SsCTSS functions as cysteine protease which might be involved in the antibacterial immunity of black rockfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hua Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shu-Wen He
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xue Du
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qin-Qin Gu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yong-Hua Hu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Haikou, 571101, China.
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9
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Høglund RA, Torsetnes SB, Lossius A, Bogen B, Homan EJ, Bremel R, Holmøy T. Human Cysteine Cathepsins Degrade Immunoglobulin G In Vitro in a Predictable Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194843. [PMID: 31569504 PMCID: PMC6801702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are critical components of the adaptive immune system involved in the generation of epitopes for presentation on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and have been implicated in degradation of autoantigens. Immunoglobulin variable regions with somatic mutations and random complementarity region 3 amino acid composition are inherently immunogenic. T cell reactivity towards immunoglobulin variable regions has been investigated in relation to specific diseases, as well as reactivity to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Yet, how the immunoglobulins, or the B cell receptors, are processed in endolysosomal compartments of professional antigen presenting cells has not been described in detail. Here we present in silico and in vitro experimental evidence suggesting that cysteine cathepsins S, L and B may have important roles in generating peptides fitting HLA class II molecules, capable of being presented to T cells, from monoclonal antibodies as well as from central nervous system proteins including a well described autoantigen. By combining neural net models with in vitro proteomics experiments, we further suggest how such degradation can be predicted, how it fits with available cellular models, and that it is immunoglobulin heavy chain variable family dependent. These findings are relevant for biotherapeutic drug design as well as to understand disease development. We also suggest how these tools can be improved, including improved machine learning methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Alexander Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Rudzińska M, Parodi A, Soond SM, Vinarov AZ, Korolev DO, Morozov AO, Daglioglu C, Tutar Y, Zamyatnin AA. The Role of Cysteine Cathepsins in Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3602. [PMID: 31340550 PMCID: PMC6678516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal enzymes belonging to the papain family. Their expression is misregulated in a wide variety of tumors, and ample data prove their involvement in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and in the occurrence of drug resistance. However, while their overexpression is usually associated with highly aggressive tumor phenotypes, their mechanistic role in cancer progression is still to be determined to develop new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we highlight the literature related to the role of the cysteine cathepsins in cancer biology, with particular emphasis on their input into tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Z Vinarov
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry O Korolev
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey O Morozov
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Cenk Daglioglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 35430 Urla/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tutar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Musyoka TM, Njuguna JN, Tastan Bishop Ö. Comparing sequence and structure of falcipains and human homologs at prodomain and catalytic active site for malarial peptide based inhibitor design. Malar J 2019; 18:159. [PMID: 31053072 PMCID: PMC6500056 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falcipains are major cysteine proteases of Plasmodium falciparum involved in haemoglobin degradation and remain attractive anti-malarial drug targets. Several inhibitors against these proteases have been identified, yet none of them has been approved for malaria treatment. Other Plasmodium species also possess highly homologous proteins to falcipains. For selective therapeutic targeting, identification of sequence and structure differences with homologous human cathepsins is necessary. The substrate processing activity of these proteins is tightly controlled via a prodomain segment occluding the active site which is chopped under low pH conditions exposing the catalytic site. Current work characterizes these proteases to identify residues mediating the prodomain regulatory function for the design of peptide based anti-malarial inhibitors. METHODS Sequence and structure variations between prodomain regions of plasmodial proteins and human cathepsins were determined using in silico approaches. Additionally, evolutionary clustering of these proteins was evaluated using phylogenetic analysis. High quality partial zymogen protein structures were modelled using homology modelling and residue interaction analysis performed between the prodomain segment and mature domain to identify key interacting residues between these two domains. The resulting information was used to determine short peptide sequences which could mimic the inherent regulatory function of the prodomain regions. Through flexible docking, the binding affinity of proposed peptides on the proteins studied was evaluated. RESULTS Sequence, evolutionary and motif analyses showed important differences between plasmodial and human proteins. Residue interaction analysis identified important residues crucial for maintaining prodomain integrity across the different proteins as well as the pro-segment responsible for inhibitory mechanism. Binding affinity of suggested peptides was highly dependent on their residue composition and length. CONCLUSIONS Despite the conserved structural and catalytic mechanism between human cathepsins and plasmodial proteases, current work revealed significant differences between the two protein groups which may provide valuable information for selective anti-malarial inhibitor development. Part of this study aimed to design peptide inhibitors based on endogenous inhibitory portions of protease prodomains as a novel aspect. Even though peptide inhibitors may not be practical solutions to malaria at this stage, the approach followed and results offer a promising means to find new malarial inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thommas Mutemi Musyoka
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Joyce Njoki Njuguna
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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12
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Abstract
During cytokine- or chemotherapy-induced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization, a highly proteolytic microenvironment can be observed in the bone marrow that has a strong influence on adhesive and chemotactic interactions of HSC with their niches. The increase of proteases during mobilization goes along with a decrease of endogenous protease inhibitors. Prominent members of the proteases involved in HSC mobilization belong to the families of matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins, which are able to degrade chemokines/cytokines, extracellular matrix components, and membrane-bound adhesion receptors. To determine the functional activity of different proteolytic enzymes, zymographic analyses with different substrates and pH conditions can be employed. An involvement of cysteine cathepsins can be determined by the "active site labeling" technique using a modified inhibitor irreversibly binding to the active center of the enzymes. Intact or degraded chemokines and cytokines, which fall into the range between 1000 and 20,000 Da, can readily be detected by MALDI-TOF analysis. These three methods can help to detect proteolytic activities directly involved in the mobilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maurer
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole D Staudt
- Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Abstract
We report the performance of HADDOCK in the 2018 iteration of the Grand Challenge organised by the D3R consortium. Building on the findings of our participation in last year's challenge, we significantly improved our pose prediction protocol which resulted in a mean RMSD for the top scoring pose of 3.04 and 2.67 Å for the cross-docking and self-docking experiments respectively, which corresponds to an overall success rate of 63% and 71% when considering the top1 and top5 models respectively. This performance ranks HADDOCK as the 6th and 3rd best performing group (excluding multiple submissions from a same group) out of a total of 44 and 47 submissions respectively. Our ligand-based binding affinity predictor is the 3rd best predictor overall, behind only the two leading structure-based implementations, and the best ligand-based one with a Kendall's Tau correlation of 0.36 for the Cathepsin challenge. It also performed well in the classification part of the Kinase challenges, with Matthews Correlation Coefficients of 0.49 (ranked 1st), 0.39 (ranked 4th) and 0.21 (ranked 4th) for the JAK2, vEGFR2 and p38a targets respectively. Through our participation in last year's competition we came to the conclusion that template selection is of critical importance for the successful outcome of the docking. This year we have made improvements in two additional areas of importance: ligand conformer selection and initial positioning, which have been key to our excellent pose prediction performance this year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis I Koukos
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Li C Xue
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre M J J Bonvin
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Shkryl YN, Veremeichik GN, Kamenev DG, Gorpenchenko TY, Yugay YA, Mashtalyar DV, Nepomnyaschiy AV, Avramenko TV, Karabtsov AA, Ivanov VV, Bulgakov VP, Gnedenkov SV, Kulchin YN, Zhuravlev YN. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using transgenic Nicotiana tabacum callus culture expressing silicatein gene from marine sponge Latrunculia oparinae. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018; 46:1646-1658. [PMID: 29022401 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1388248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, transgenic tobacco callus cultures and plants overexpressing the silicatein gene LoSilA1 from marine sponge Latrunculia oparinae were obtained and their bioreduction behaviour for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was studied. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic flame electron microscopy (AFM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Our measurements showed that the reduction of silver nitrate produced spherical AgNPs with diameters in the range of 12-80 nm. The results of XRD analysis proved the crystal nature of the obtained AgNPs. FTIR analysis indicated that particles are reduced and stabilized in solution by the capping agent, which is likely to be proteins present in the callus extract. Interestingly, the reduction potential of LoSiLA1-transgenic callus line was increased three-fold compared with the empty vector-transformed calli. The synthesized AgNPs were found to exhibit strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The present study reports the first evidence for using genetic engineering for activation of the reduction potential of plant cells for synthesis of biocidal AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Shkryl
- a Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Department of Biotechnology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Galina N Veremeichik
- a Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Department of Biotechnology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Dmitriy G Kamenev
- a Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Department of Biotechnology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Tatiana Y Gorpenchenko
- a Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Department of Biotechnology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Yulia A Yugay
- a Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Department of Biotechnology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Mashtalyar
- b Institute of Chemistry , Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Aleksander V Nepomnyaschiy
- c Institute for Automation and Control Processes , Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Science , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Tatiana V Avramenko
- a Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Department of Biotechnology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Karabtsov
- d Far East Geological Institute , Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Vladimir V Ivanov
- d Far East Geological Institute , Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Victor P Bulgakov
- a Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Department of Biotechnology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
- e Far Eastern Federal University, School of Natural Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Sergey V Gnedenkov
- b Institute of Chemistry , Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Yury N Kulchin
- c Institute for Automation and Control Processes , Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Science , Vladivostok , Russia
| | - Yury N Zhuravlev
- a Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Department of Biotechnology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia
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15
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Lam PCH, Abagyan R, Totrov M. Hybrid receptor structure/ligand-based docking and activity prediction in ICM: development and evaluation in D3R Grand Challenge 3. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2018; 33:35-46. [PMID: 30094533 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-018-0139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In context of D3R Grand Challenge 3 we have investigated several ligand activity prediction protocols that combined elements of a physics-based energy function (ICM VLS score) and the knowledge-based Atomic Property Field 3D QSAR approach. Activity prediction models utilized poses produced by ICM-Dock with ligand bias and 4D receptor conformational ensembles (LigBEnD). Hybrid APF/P (APF/Physics) models were superior to pure physics- or knowledge-based models in our preliminary tests using rigorous three-fold clustered cross-validation and later proved successful in the blind prediction for D3R GC3 sets, consistently performing well across four different targets. The results demonstrate that knowledge-based and physics-based inputs into the machine-learning activity model can be non-redundant and synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polo C-H Lam
- Molsoft L.L.C., 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, S209, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maxim Totrov
- Molsoft L.L.C., 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, S209, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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16
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Ferrall‐Fairbanks MC, West DM, Douglas SA, Averett RD, Platt MO. Computational predictions of cysteine cathepsin-mediated fibrinogen proteolysis. Protein Sci 2018; 27:714-724. [PMID: 29266558 PMCID: PMC5818743 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin clot formation is a proteolytic cascade of events with thrombin and plasmin identified as the main proteases cleaving fibrinogen precursor, and the fibrin polymer, respectively. Other proteases may be involved directly in fibrin(ogen) cleavage, clot formation, and resolution, or in the degradation of fibrin-based scaffolds emerging as useful tools for tissue engineered constructs. Here, cysteine cathepsins are investigated for their putative ability to hydrolyze fibrinogen, since they are potent proteases, first identified in lysosomal protein degradation and known to participate in extracellular proteolysis. To further explore this, we used two independent computational technqiues, molecular docking and bioinformatics sequence analysis (PACMANS), to predict potential binding interactions and sites of hydrolysis between cathepsins K, L, and S and fibrinogen. By comparing the results from these two objective, computational methods, it was determined that cathepsins K, L, and S do bind and cleave fibrinogen α, β, and γ chains at similar and unique sites. These differences were visualized experimentally by the unique cleaved fibrinogen banding patterns after incubation with each of the cathepsins, separately. In conclusion, human cysteine cathepsins K, L, and S are a new class of proteases that should be considered during fibrin(ogen) degradation studies both for disease processes where coagulation is a concern, and also in the implementation and design of bioengineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Ferrall‐Fairbanks
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Dayne M. West
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Simone A. Douglas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Rodney D. Averett
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | - Manu O. Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia
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17
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Povarova NV, Markina NM, Baranov MS, Barinov NA, Klinov DV, Kozhemyako VB, Lukyanov KA. A water-soluble precursor for efficient silica polymerization by silicateins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2066-2070. [PMID: 29253563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Silicateins, the spicule-forming proteins from marine demosponges capable to polymerize silica, are popular objects of biomineralization studies due to their ability to form particles varied in shape and composition under physiological conditions. Despite the occurrence of the many approaches to nanomaterial synthesis using silicateins, biochemical properties of this protein family are poorly characterized. The main reason for this is that tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), the commonly used silica acid precursor, is almost insoluble in water and thus is poorly available for the protein. To solve this problem, we synthesized new water-soluble silica precursor, tetra(glycerol)orthosilicate (TGS), and characterized biochemical properties of the silicatein A1 from marine sponge Latrunculia oparinae. Compared to TEOS, TGS ensured much greater activity of silicatein and was less toxic for the mammalian cell culture. We evaluated optimum conditions for the enzyme - pH range, temperature and TGS concentration. We concluded that TGS is a useful silica acid precursor that can be used for silica particles synthesis and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Povarova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Nadezda M Markina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail S Baranov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nikolay A Barinov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Klinov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Valery B Kozhemyako
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Konstantin A Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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18
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Abstract
N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers have been studied as an efficient carrier for drug delivery and tumor imaging. However, as with many macromolecular platforms, the substantial accumulation of HPMA copolymer by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)-associated tissues, such as the blood, liver, and spleen, has inhibited its clinical translation. Our laboratory is pursuing approaches to improve the diagnostic and radiotherapeutic effectiveness of HPMA copolymers by reducing the nontarget accumulation. Specifically, we have been investigating the use of a cathepsin S (Cat S)-cleavable peptidic linkers to degrade multiblock HPMA copolymers to increase MPS-associated tissue clearance. In this study, we further our investigation into this area by exploring the impact of copolymer block size on the biological performance of Cat S-degradable HPMA copolymers. Using a variety of in vitro and in vivo techniques, including dual labeling of the copolymer and peptide components, we investigated the constructs using HPAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma models. The smaller copolymer block size (S-CMP) demonstrated significantly faster Cat S cleavage kinetics relative to the larger system (L-CMP). Confocal microscopy demonstrated that both constructs could be much more efficiently internalized by human monocyte-differentiated macrophage (hMDM) compared to HPAC cells. In the biodistribution studies, the multiblock copolymers with a smaller block size exhibited faster clearance and lower nontarget retention while still achieving good tumor targeting and retention. Based on the radioisotopic ratios, fragmentation and clearance of the copolymer constructs were higher in the liver compared to the spleen and tumor. Overall, these results indicate that block size plays an important role in the biological performance of Cat S-degradable polymeric constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
| | - Yinnong Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
| | - Susan K. Brusnahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
| | - Jered C. Garrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 985830, United States
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Curran CD, Lu L, Jia Y, Kiely CJ, Berger BW, McIntosh S. Direct Single-Enzyme Biomineralization of Catalytically Active Ceria and Ceria-Zirconia Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3337-3346. [PMID: 28212489 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is an intriguing approach to the synthesis of functional inorganic materials for energy applications whereby biological systems are engineered to mineralize inorganic materials and control their structure over multiple length scales under mild reaction conditions. Herein we demonstrate a single-enzyme-mediated biomineralization route to synthesize crystalline, catalytically active, quantum-confined ceria (CeO2-x) and ceria-zirconia (Ce1-yZryO2-x) nanocrystals for application as environmental catalysts. In contrast to typical anthropogenic synthesis routes, the crystalline oxide nanoparticles are formed at room temperature from an otherwise inert aqueous solution without the addition of a precipitant or additional reactant. An engineered form of silicatein, rCeSi, as a single enzyme not only catalyzes the direct biomineralization of the nanocrystalline oxides but also serves as a templating agent to control their morphological structure. The biomineralized nanocrystals of less than 3 nm in diameter are catalytically active toward carbon monoxide oxidation following an oxidative annealing step to remove carbonaceous residue. The introduction of zirconia into the nanocrystals leads to an increase in Ce(III) concentration, associated catalytic activity, and the thermal stability of the nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University , 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | | | - Christopher J Kiely
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University , 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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Wang Y, Liu X, Lv S, Ren J, Ke F. Identification and activity of a paralog of cathepsin S from yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) involved in immune response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 61:16-23. [PMID: 27989861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S, a papain-like cysteine peptidase, is an important regulator and signaling molecule with diverse biological actions in addition to immune presentation. However, our understanding of its structure and properties remains limited. Herein, a full-length cathepsin Sa from yellow catfish was cloned and named PfCTSSa. It contained 1366 bp, including a 981 bp ORF flanked by a 123 bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and a 262 bp 3'-UTR. This ORF encoded a 36.5 kD cysteine protease with the deduced amino acid sequence having a 76% sequence identity with Ictalurus punctatus ctssa. Additionally, PfCTSSa was found to be a paralog of cathepsin S since it generated a new cluster with cathepsin Sa in the phylogenic tree. Furthermore, PfCTSSa was found to contain more N-glycosylation sites than cathepsin S. The recombinant PfCTSSa was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and appeared to have the strongest activity at pH 8.5 and 35 °C in a concentration-dependent manner, with activity further affected by metal ions and detergents. Moreover, PfCTSSa mRNA was highly expressed in classic and mucosal immune tissues, although constitutively distributed in all of the examined tissues. Yellow catfish were then challenged with inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila and PfCTSSa was remarkably increased in the head kidney, liver and spleen when compared to the PBS control. Collectively, these results indicate that PfCTSSa is a paralog of cathepsin S and functions in the yellow catfish immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Shuai Lv
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Jinnan Ren
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Fei Ke
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China.
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21
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Fedorova GA, Korneva ES, Belikova AS, Grachev MA. Identifying N-terminal peptides by a combination of the edman procedures with a bromine isotope tag: Application to the silicateins. Protein Sci 2016; 25:2277-2281. [PMID: 27616048 PMCID: PMC5119563 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Silicateins are proteins found within spicules of siliceous sponges. They are analogs of proteinases cathepsins; they catalyze the transformation of silicic acid esters into biogenic silica (SiO2 ·nH2 O), and are believed to take part in the processes of silicification in marine and freshwater sponges. Earlier studies by Kalyuzhnaya et al. revealed that the Baikal Sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis Pallas, 1773 (L. baicalensis) contains a gene 1988 bp long, which hosts four sequences that encode four mRNAs giving rise to silicateins α1, α2, α3 and α4 (SILα1, SILα2, SILα3, SILα4) whose predicted amino acid sequences are similar to those of the predicted sequences of marine sponge silicateins. However, the sequences of mature silicateins of L. baicalensis remained unknown, since their N-terminal peptides were not identified. We found the sequences of these N-terminal peptides using a combination of the Edman procedure, which involved reaction with phenylisothiocyanate, treatment with trifluoroacetic acid and trypsinolysis followed by treatment with 4-bromine-phenylisothiocyanate performed directly within polyacrylamide gel bands, and subsequent mass spectrometry. The N-terminal peptides are YAESIDWR (SILα1), YVDSIDWR (SILα2 and α4), and YADSLDWR (SILα3). All mature silicateins of L. baicalensis had a length 217 amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Fedorova
- Limnological InstituteSiberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences3 Ulan‐Batorskaya StrIrkutsk664033Russia
| | - E. S. Korneva
- Limnological InstituteSiberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences3 Ulan‐Batorskaya StrIrkutsk664033Russia
| | - A. S. Belikova
- Limnological InstituteSiberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences3 Ulan‐Batorskaya StrIrkutsk664033Russia
| | - M. A. Grachev
- Limnological InstituteSiberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences3 Ulan‐Batorskaya StrIrkutsk664033Russia
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22
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Fan W, Shi W, Zhang W, Jia Y, Zhou Z, Brusnahan SK, Garrison JC. Cathepsin S-cleavable, multi-block HPMA copolymers for improved SPECT/CT imaging of pancreatic cancer. Biomaterials 2016; 103:101-115. [PMID: 27372424 PMCID: PMC5018995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This work continues our efforts to improve the diagnostic and radiotherapeutic effectiveness of nanomedicine platforms by developing approaches to reduce the non-target accumulation of these agents. Herein, we developed multi-block HPMA copolymers with backbones that are susceptible to cleavage by cathepsin S, a protease that is abundantly expressed in tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Specifically, a bis-thiol terminated HPMA telechelic copolymer containing 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Three maleimide modified linkers with different sequences, including cathepsin S degradable oligopeptide, scramble oligopeptide and oligo ethylene glycol, were subsequently synthesized and used for the extension of the HPMA copolymers by thiol-maleimide click chemistry. All multi-block HPMA copolymers could be labeled by (177)Lu with high labeling efficiency and exhibited high serum stability. In vitro cleavage studies demonstrated highly selective and efficient cathepsin S mediated cleavage of the cathepsin S-susceptible multi-block HPMA copolymer. A modified multi-block HPMA copolymer series capable of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) was utilized to investigate the rate of cleavage of the multi-block HPMA copolymers in monocyte-derived macrophages. Confocal imaging and flow cytometry studies revealed substantially higher rates of cleavage for the multi-block HPMA copolymers containing the cathepsin S-susceptible linker. The efficacy of the cathepsin S-cleavable multi-block HPMA copolymer was further examined using an in vivo model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Based on the biodistribution and SPECT/CT studies, the copolymer extended with the cathepsin S susceptible linker exhibited significantly faster clearance and lower non-target retention without compromising tumor targeting. Overall, these results indicate that exploitation of the cathepsin S activity in MPS tissues can be utilized to substantially lower non-target accumulation, suggesting this is a promising approach for the development of diagnostic and radiotherapeutic nanomedicine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Wen Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Yinnong Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Susan K. Brusnahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Jered C. Garrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
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Shkryl YN, Bulgakov VP, Veremeichik GN, Kovalchuk SN, Kozhemyako VB, Kamenev DG, Semiletova IV, Timofeeva YO, Shchipunov YA, Kulchin YN. Bioinspired enzymatic synthesis of silica nanocrystals provided by recombinant silicatein from the marine sponge Latrunculia oparinae. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:53-8. [PMID: 26494639 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The process of silica formation in marine sponges is thought to be mediated by a family of catalytically active structure-directing enzymes called silicateins. It has been demonstrated in biomimicking syntheses that silicateins facilitated the formation of amorphous SiO2. Here, we present evidence that the silicatein LoSiLA1 from the marine sponge Latrunculia oparinae catalyzes the in vitro synthesis of hexa-tetrahedral SiO2 crystals of 200–300 nm. This was possible in the presence of the silica precursor tetrakis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-orthosilicate that is completely soluble in water and biocompatible, experiences hydrolysis–condensation at neutral pH and ambient conditions.
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24
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Paireder M, Mehofer U, Tholen S, Porodko A, Schähs P, Maresch D, Biniossek ML, van der Hoorn RAL, Lenarcic B, Novinec M, Schilling O, Mach L. The death enzyme CP14 is a unique papain-like cysteine proteinase with a pronounced S2 subsite selectivity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 603:110-7. [PMID: 27246477 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine protease CP14 has been identified as a central component of a molecular module regulating programmed cell death in plant embryos. CP14 belongs to a distinct subfamily of papain-like cysteine proteinases of which no representative has been characterized thoroughly to date. However, it has been proposed that CP14 is a cathepsin H-like protease. We have now produced recombinant Nicotiana benthamiana CP14 (NbCP14) lacking the C-terminal granulin domain. As typical for papain-like cysteine proteinases, NbCP14 undergoes rapid autocatalytic activation when incubated at low pH. The mature protease is capable of hydrolysing several synthetic endopeptidase substrates, but cathepsin H-like aminopeptidase activity could not be detected. NbCP14 displays a strong preference for aliphatic over aromatic amino acids in the specificity-determining P2 position. This subsite selectivity was also observed upon digestion of proteome-derived peptide libraries. Notably, the specificity profile of NbCP14 differs from that of aleurain-like protease, the N. benthamiana orthologue of cathepsin H. We conclude that CP14 is a papain-like cysteine proteinase with unusual enzymatic properties which may prove of central importance for the execution of programmed cell death during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Paireder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Mehofer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Porodko
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schähs
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brigita Lenarcic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Novinec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Schröder HC, Grebenjuk VA, Wang X, Müller WEG. Hierarchical architecture of sponge spicules: biocatalytic and structure-directing activity of silicatein proteins as model for bioinspired applications. Bioinspir Biomim 2016; 11:041002. [PMID: 27452043 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/4/041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of the silicateins, a group of enzymes that mediate the formation of the amorphous, hydrated biosilica of the skeleton of the siliceous sponges, much progress has been achieved in the understanding of this biomineralization process. These discoveries include, beside the proof of the enzymatic nature of the sponge biosilica formation, the dual property of the enzyme, to act both as a structure-forming and structure-guiding protein, and the demonstration that the initial product of silicatein is a soft, gel-like material that has to undergo a maturation process during which it achieves its favorable physical-chemical properties allowing the development of various technological or medical applications. This process comprises the hardening of the material by the removal of water and ions, its cast-molding to specific morphologies, as well as the fusion of the biosilica nanoparticles through a biosintering mechanism. The discovery that the enzymatically formed biosilica is morphogenetically active and printable also opens new applications in rapid prototyping and three-dimensional bioprinting of customized scaffolds/implants for biomedical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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26
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Povarova NV, Baranov MS, Kovalchuk SN, Semiletova IV, Lukyanov KA, Kozhemyak VB. [Novel Water-Soluble Substrate for Silicateins]. Bioorg Khim 2015; 41:380-2. [PMID: 26502615 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We suggested to use tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)orthosilicate (THEOS) as a substrate for silicateins--an enzyme family playing a key role in formation of skeleton in marine sponges. We compared THEOS with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)--a commonly used substrate for silicateins. These substrates were tested in reaction of amorphous silica formation in vitro catalyzed by silicatein Al from sponge Latrunculia oparinae. It was found that reaction with THEOS occurs more efficiently than with TEOS, probably due to high water solubility and higher hydrolysis rate of THEOS.
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Saikhedkar N, Summanwar A, Joshi R, Giri A. Cathepsins of lepidopteran insects: Aspects and prospects. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 64:51-59. [PMID: 26210259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular understanding of lepidopteran physiology has revealed that proteases consist of one of the central regulatory/reacting system for insect growth and survival. Among the various proteases, cathepsins are the most crucial cellular proteases, which play vital roles during insect development. In the present review, we have discussed various aspects of the lepidopteran insect cathepsins, emphasizing their roles in processes like development, growth, metamorphosis, apoptosis and immunity. Cathepsins are categorized into different types on the basis of their sequence diversification, leading to variation in structure and catalytic function. Cathepsins exhibit tissue and stage specific expression pattern which is fine-tuned by a delicate balance of expression, compartmentalization, zymogen activation, inhibition by protein inhibitors and degradation. The indispensability of cathepsins as cellular proteases in the above mentioned processes proposes them as novel targets for designing effective and specific insect controlling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Saikhedkar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, MS, India
| | - Aarohi Summanwar
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Rakesh Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, MS, India.
| | - Ashok Giri
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, MS, India.
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28
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Zafar A, Ahmad S, Rizvi A, Ahmad M. Novel Non-Peptide Inhibitors against SmCL1 of Schistosoma mansoni: In Silico Elucidation, Implications and Evaluation via Knowledge Based Drug Discovery. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123996. [PMID: 25933436 PMCID: PMC4416924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major endemic disease known for excessive mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Because praziquantel is the only drug available for its treatment, the risk of drug resistance emphasizes the need to discover new drugs for this disease. Cathepsin SmCL1 is the critical target for drug design due to its essential role in the digestion of host proteins for growth and development of Schistosoma mansoni. Inhibiting the function of SmCL1 could control the wide spread of infections caused by S. mansoni in humans. With this objective, a homology modeling approach was used to obtain theoretical three-dimensional (3D) structure of SmCL1. In order to find the potential inhibitors of SmCL1, a plethora of in silico techniques were employed to screen non-peptide inhibitors against SmCL1 via structure-based drug discovery protocol. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were performed on the results of docked protein-ligand complexes to identify top ranking molecules against the modelled 3D structure of SmCL1. MD simulation results suggest the phytochemical Simalikalactone-D as a potential lead against SmCL1, whose pharmacophore model may be useful for future screening of potential drug molecules. To conclude, this is the first report to discuss the virtual screening of non-peptide inhibitors against SmCL1 of S. mansoni, with significant therapeutic potential. Results presented herein provide a valuable contribution to identify the significant leads and further derivatize them to suitable drug candidates for antischistosomal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asim Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Masood Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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29
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Galli L, Son SK, White TA, Santra R, Chapman HN, Nanao MH. Towards RIP using free-electron laser SFX data. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:249-55. [PMID: 25723926 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514027854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, it is shown that simulated native serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) cathepsin B data can be phased by rapid ionization of sulfur atoms. Utilizing standard software adopted for radiation-damage-induced phasing (RIP), the effects on both substructure determination and phasing of the number of collected patterns and fluences are explored for experimental conditions already available at current free-electron laser facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galli
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sang Kil Son
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max H Nanao
- EMBL, Grenoble Outstation, Rue Jules Horowitz 6, 38042 Grenoble, France
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30
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Elkhooly TA, Müller WEG, Wang X, Tremel W, Isbert S, Wiens M. Bioinspired self-assembly of tyrosinase-modified silicatein and fluorescent core-shell silica spheres. Bioinspir Biomim 2014; 9:044001. [PMID: 25378146 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3182/9/4/044001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the intermolecular cross-linking of mussel foot proteins and their adhesive properties, tyrosinase has been used to modify recombinant silicatein. DOPA/DOPAquinone-mediated cross-linking and interfacial interactions enhanced both self-assembly of silicatein building blocks and templating of core-shell silica spheres, resulting in fluorescent biomimetic silicatein-silica hybrid mesofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Elkhooly
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Duesbergweg 6, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany. Biomaterials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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31
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Gomes S, Marques PI, Matthiesen R, Seixas S. Adaptive evolution and divergence of SERPINB3: a young duplicate in great Apes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104935. [PMID: 25133778 PMCID: PMC4136820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of duplication events led to an expansion of clade B Serine Protease Inhibitors (SERPIN), currently displaying a large repertoire of functions in vertebrates. Accordingly, the recent duplicates SERPINB3 and B4 located in human 18q21.3 SERPIN cluster control the activity of different cysteine and serine proteases, respectively. Here, we aim to assess SERPINB3 and B4 coevolution with their target proteases in order to understand the evolutionary forces shaping the accelerated divergence of these duplicates. Phylogenetic analysis of primate sequences placed the duplication event in a Hominoidae ancestor (∼30 Mya) and the emergence of SERPINB3 in Homininae (∼9 Mya). We detected evidence of strong positive selection throughout SERPINB4/B3 primate tree and target proteases, cathepsin L2 (CTSL2) and G (CTSG) and chymase (CMA1). Specifically, in the Homininae clade a perfect match was observed between the adaptive evolution of SERPINB3 and cathepsin S (CTSS) and most of sites under positive selection were located at the inhibitor/protease interface. Altogether our results seem to favour a coevolution hypothesis for SERPINB3, CTSS and CTSL2 and for SERPINB4 and CTSG and CMA1. A scenario of an accelerated evolution driven by host-pathogen interactions is also possible since SERPINB3/B4 are potent inhibitors of exogenous proteases, released by infectious agents. Finally, similar patterns of expression and the sharing of many regulatory motifs suggest neofunctionalization as the best fitted model of the functional divergence of SERPINB3 and B4 duplicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Gomes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (SG); (SS)
| | - Patrícia I. Marques
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rune Matthiesen
- National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Seixas
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (SG); (SS)
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Thakur PK, Kumar M, Kumar J, Gantasala NP, Rao U. Structural and functional analysis of cathepsin S of Heterodera spp: a promising candidate for its control. Indian J Exp Biol 2014; 52:223-231. [PMID: 24669665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases are required for a wide range of physiological processes in all living organisms. In parasitic nematodes, they are particularly crucial for the digestion of host tissues and evasion of host immune responses. Therefore, in general, these are identified as primary targets for the control of parasitic nematodes. Herein, cathepsin S-like cysteine proteinase of Heterodera avenae (Hacp-s) has been cloned and analysed for the first time. The predicted protein is 298 amino acids long and showed significant similarity with cathepsin S of Heterodera glycines (Hgcp-s). The sequence of cathepsin S contains a signal peptide of 30 amino acids which suggests its role in extracellular functions. Multiple sequence alignment revealed the presence of ERFNIN motif and conserved catalytic residues. Three dimensional structure (3D) of Hgcp-s was modelled using homology modelling. In order to illustrate the plausible mode of interaction of cathepsin S (Hgcp-s), docking analysis was performed with E-64 cysteine proteinase inhibitor. Docking studies revealed the hydrogen bonding of E-64 with Gln153, His299 and Gly203 as well as close interaction with catalytic residues Cys159 and Asn320 Expression analysis of Hacp-s using qRT-PCR showed high expression of cathepsin S in pre parasitic J2s and female stages suggesting its significant role in both pre-parasitic and parasitic stages of the nematode life cycle.
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Cheng Y, Liu Y, Wu B, Zhang JZ, Gu J, Liao YL, Wang FK, Mao XH, Yu XJ. Proteomic analysis of the Ehrlichia chaffeensis phagosome in cultured DH82 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88461. [PMID: 24558391 PMCID: PMC3928192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular bacterium that resides and multiplies within cytoplasmic vacuoles of phagocytes. The Ehrlichia-containing vacuole (ECV) does not fuse with lysosomes, an essential condition for Ehrlichia to survive inside phagocytes, but the mechanism of inhibiting the fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes is not clear. Understanding the ECV molecular composition may decipher the mechanism by which Ehrlichia inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion. In this study, we obtained highly purified ECVs from E. chaffeensis-infected DH82 cells by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and analyzed their composition by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. The ECV composition was compared with that of phagolysosomes containing latex beads. Lysosomal proteins such as cathepsin D, cathepsin S, and lysosomal acid phosphatase were not detected in E. chaffeensis phagosome preparations. Some small GTPases, involved in membrane dynamics and phagocytic trafficking, were detected in ECVs. A notable finding was that Rab7, a late endosomal marker, was consistently detected in E. chaffeensis phagosomes by mass spectrometry. Confocal microscopy confirmed that E. chaffeensis phagosomes contained Rab7 and were acidified at approximately pH 5.2, suggesting that the E. chaffeensis vacuole was an acidified late endosomal compartment. Our results also demonstrated by mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence analysis that Ehrlichia morulae were not associated with the autophagic pathway. Ehrlichia chaffeensis did not inhibit phagosomes containing latex beads from fusing with lysosomes in infected cells. We concluded that the E. chaffeensis vacuole was a late endosome and E. chaffeensis might inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion by modifying its vacuolar membrane composition, rather than by regulating the expression of host genes involved in trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Anhui Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-zhi Zhang
- School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-ling Liao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fu-kun Wang
- Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu-hu Mao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (XJY); (XM)
| | - Xue-jie Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (XJY); (XM)
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Yang Y, Yang X, Verhelst SHL. Comparative analysis of click chemistry mediated activity-based protein profiling in cell lysates. Molecules 2013; 18:12599-608. [PMID: 24126377 PMCID: PMC6270401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling uses chemical probes that covalently attach to active enzyme targets. Probes with conventional tags have disadvantages, such as limited cell permeability or steric hindrance around the reactive group. A tandem labeling strategy with click chemistry is now widely used to study enzyme targets in situ and in vivo. Herein, the probes are reacted in live cells, whereas the ensuing detection by click chemistry takes place in cell lysates. We here make a comparison of the efficiency of the activity-based tandem labeling strategy by using Cu(I)-catalyzed and strain-promoted click chemistry, different ligands and different lysis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie der Biopolymere, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Vairo Cavalli S, Lufrano D, Colombo ML, Priolo N. Properties and applications of phytepsins from thistle flowers. Phytochemistry 2013; 92:16-32. [PMID: 23701679 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts of thistle flowers from the genus Cynara-Cardueae tribe Cass. (Cynareae Less.), Asteraceae Dumortier-are traditionally used in the Mediterranean region for production of artisanal cheeses. This is because of the presence of aspartic proteases (APs) with the ability to coagulate milk. Plant APs, collectively known as phytepsins (EC 3.4.23.40), are bilobed endopeptidases present in an ample variety of plant species with activity mainly at acidic pHs, and have two aspartic residues located on each side of a catalytic cleft that are responsible for catalysis. The cleavage of the scissile peptide-bond occurs primarily between residues with large hydrophobic side-chains. Even when aspartylendopeptidase activity in plants is normally present at relatively low levels overall, the flowers of several species of the Cardueae tribe possess APs with extremely high specific activities in certain tissues. For this reason, in the last two decades, APs present in thistle flowers have been the subject of intensive study. Present here is a compilation of work that summarizes the known chemical and biological properties of these proteases, as well as their biomedical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vairo Cavalli
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
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Abstract
In the last years, a new group of enzymes, the so-called silicateins, have been identified and characterized, which form the axial filaments of the spicules of the siliceous sponges, consisting of not only amorphous silica among others. These enzymes are able to catalyze the polycondensation and deposition of silica at mild conditions. Silicateins can be expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant proteins are expressed on the surface of the cell wall and are able to catalyze the formation of a polysilicate net around the bacterial cells providing the possibility for further attachment to the surface of SiO2 containing sensor chips. With this mild immobilization process it is now possible to prepare novel microbial sensors based on Optical Waveguide Lightmode Spectroscopy. In the present study, the immobilization of silicatein modified E. coli BL21AI cells onto the SiO2-type chips was optimized (buffer concentration, pH, temperature, reaction time, and so on) and then the biological properties, in particular the inhibitory effect of stressors/environmental pollutants on the novel bacterial sensor were studied in real time. The effect of oxidative stress was investigated by exposing the sensors containing biosilica-immobilized E. coli BL21AI cells to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The effect of antibiotics was tested using chloramphenicol (CAP) which is effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and penicillin G which destroys the bacterial cell wall. In addition, the inhibition by carbofuran (CF) pesticide was also tested. CF is a highly toxic compound which inhibits cholinesterase activity. According our results we can conclude that the novel bacterial sensor consisting of the silicatein modified E. coli BL21AI cells immobilized on OWLS sensor surface could be an effective tool to detect the presence of different type of pollutants in real time measurement. However penicillin G and CF are not specifically inhibitors of E. coli strain, but some inhibitory effect could be still determined beside the well expressed signals for H2O2 and CAP obtained with the novel microbial sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Adányi
- Central Environmental and Food Science Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.
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Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Burghard Z, Pisignano D, Wang X. Silicateins--a novel paradigm in bioinorganic chemistry: enzymatic synthesis of inorganic polymeric silica. Chemistry 2013; 19:5790-804. [PMID: 23512301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic matrix of the siliceous skeletal elements of sponges, that is, spicules, is formed of amorphous biosilica. Until a decade ago, it remained unclear how the hard biosilica monoliths of the spicules are formed in sponges that live in a silica-poor (<50 μM) aquatic environment. The following two discoveries caused a paradigm shift and allowed an elucidation of the processes underlying spicule formation; first the discovery that in the spicules only one major protein, silicatein, exists and second, that this protein displays a bio-catalytical, enzymatic function. These findings caused a paradigm shift, since silicatein is the first enzyme that catalyzes the formation of an inorganic polymer from an inorganic monomeric substrate. In the present review the successive steps, following the synthesis of the silicatein product, biosilica, and resulting in the formation of the hard monolithic spicules is given. The new insight is assumed to open new horizons in the field of biotechnology and also in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Sage J, Leblanc-Noblesse E, Nizard C, Sasaki T, Schnebert S, Perrier E, Kurfurst R, Brömme D, Lalmanach G, Lecaille F. Cleavage of nidogen-1 by cathepsin S impairs its binding to basement membrane partners. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43494. [PMID: 22952693 PMCID: PMC3429489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (catS), which is expressed in normal human keratinocytes and localized close to the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) degrades some of major basement membrane (BM) constituents. Among them, catS readily hydrolyzed in a time and dose dependent manner human nidogen-1 (nid-1) and nidogen-2, which are key proteins in the BM structure. CatS preferentially cleaved nid-1 at both acid and neutral pH. Hydrolysis of nid-1 was hampered in murine ctss−/− spleen lysates pretreated with inhibitors of other classes of proteases. Nid-1 was cleaved within its G2 and G3 globular domains that are both involved in interactions with other BM components. Binding assays with soluble and immobilized ligands indicated that catS altered the formation of complexes between nid-1 and other BM components. Assuming that the cleavage of nid-1 impairs its ability to crosslink with BM partners and perturbs the viscoelastic properties of BM matrix, these data indicate that catS may participate in BM proteolysis, in addition to already identified proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Sage
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: protéolyse et aérosolthérapie, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (LVMH-Recherche), Saint Jean de Braye, France
| | | | - Carine Nizard
- Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (LVMH-Recherche), Saint Jean de Braye, France
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Takako Sasaki
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Eric Perrier
- Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (LVMH-Recherche), Saint Jean de Braye, France
| | - Robin Kurfurst
- Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (LVMH-Recherche), Saint Jean de Braye, France
| | - Dieter Brömme
- University of British Columbia, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: protéolyse et aérosolthérapie, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: protéolyse et aérosolthérapie, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, UMR 1100, Tours, France
- * E-mail:
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Zhou J, Li L, Cai ZH. Identification of putative cathepsin S in mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus and its role in antigen presentation. Dev Comp Immunol 2012; 37:28-38. [PMID: 22210546 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a key enzyme employed in the histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted antigens, which are presented by processing class II-associated invariant chains and loaded antigen peptides into class II molecules. To date, little is known about the character and function of CTSS in fish. In the present study, we screened and identified a CTSS cDNA sequence from the mangrove red snapper head kidney cDNA library. The full-length CTSS cDNA contained 1339-bp nucleotide acids encoding 337 amino acids. The sequence shared high identity and similarity with other known cathepsins, especially CTSS (about 56-78% and 79-89%, respectively). Like other cathepsins, the deduced peptide consisted of regions with N-terminal signal peptides, propeptides, and mature peptides. A typical ERWNIN motif in L-like cathepsins and three conservative catalytic activity sites forming a catalytic triad active center were respectively identified in the pro-peptide and mature peptide regions of CTSS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that mangrove red snapper CTSS was located in the CTSS clade belonging to the L-like cathepsin group, and evolved from the same ancestry. To further characterize the biological activity of the putative CTSS of mangrove snapper, CTSS was expressed in Escherichia coli M15 strains. Like other mammalian CTSS, the recombinant CTSS (rCTSS) had autocatalytic activation properties, can remove pro-peptides, and can release active mature peptides. Active CTSS had the ability to catalyze Z-Phe-Arg-AMC substrates in acidic conditions (pH 5.0) and weak alkaline environments (pH 7.5); this activity could be blocked by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. Active CTSS can process recombinant Ii chains (invariant chains) in a stepwise manner in vitro. The results indicate that mangrove red snapper CTSS is a lysosomal cysteine protease family member with a key role in antigen processing in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
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Kwok HF, Buick RJ, Kuehn D, Gormley JA, Doherty D, Jaquin TJ, McClurg A, Ward C, Byrne T, Jaworski J, Leung KL, Snoddy P, McAnally C, Burden RE, Gray B, Lowry J, Sermadiras I, Gruszka N, Courtenay-Luck N, Kissenpfennig A, Scott CJ, Johnston JA, Olwill SA. Antibody targeting of Cathepsin S induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:147. [PMID: 22168338 PMCID: PMC3267679 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteolytic enzymes have been implicated in driving tumor progression by means of their cancer cell microenvironment activity where they promote proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Therapeutic strategies have focused on attenuating their activity using small molecule inhibitors, but the association of proteases with the cell surface during cancer progression opens up the possibility of targeting these using antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine protease that promotes the growth and invasion of tumour and endothelial cells during cancer progression. Our analysis of colorectal cancer patient biopsies shows that cathepsin S associates with the cell membrane indicating a potential for ADCC targeting. RESULTS Here we report the cell surface characterization of cathepsin S and the development of a humanized antibody (Fsn0503h) with immune effector function and a stable in vivo half-life of 274 hours. Cathepsin S is expressed on the surface of tumor cells representative of colorectal and pancreatic cancer (23%-79% positive expression). Furthermore the binding of Fsn0503h to surface associated cathepsin S results in natural killer (NK) cell targeted tumor killing. In a colorectal cancer model Fsn0503h elicits a 22% cytotoxic effect. CONCLUSIONS This data highlights the potential to target cell surface associated enzymes, such as cathepsin S, as therapeutic targets using antibodies capable of elicitingADCC in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Fai Kwok
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Richard J Buick
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Julie A Gormley
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Declan Doherty
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Thomas J Jaquin
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Angela McClurg
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Claire Ward
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Teresa Byrne
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Jacob Jaworski
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Ka Lai Leung
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Philip Snoddy
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Christine McAnally
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Roberta E Burden
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
- Molecular Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Breena Gray
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Jenny Lowry
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Isabelle Sermadiras
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Natalia Gruszka
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Nigel Courtenay-Luck
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Molecular Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - James A Johnston
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Shane A Olwill
- Fusion Antibodies Ltd., Springbank Ind. Est. Belfast, BT17 0QL, Northern Ireland
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Polini A, Pagliara S, Camposeo A, Biasco A, Schröder HC, Müller WEG, Pisignano D. Biosilica electrically-insulating layers by soft lithography-assisted biomineralisation with recombinant silicatein. Adv Mater 2011; 23:4674-4678. [PMID: 21913238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Polini
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
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Naudin C, Joulin-Giet A, Couetdic G, Plésiat P, Szymanska A, Gorna E, Gauthier F, Kasprzykowski F, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G. Human cysteine cathepsins are not reliable markers of infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25577. [PMID: 21980493 PMCID: PMC3182231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins have emerged as new players in inflammatory lung disorders. Their activities are dramatically increased in the sputum of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, suggesting that they are involved in the pathophysiology of CF. We have characterized the cathepsins in CF expectorations and evaluated their use as markers of colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The concentrations of active cathepsins B, H, K, L and S were the same in P. aeruginosa-positive (19 Ps+) and P. aeruginosa-negative (6 Ps−) samples, unlike those of human neutrophil elastase. Also the cathepsin inhibitory potential and the cathepsins/cathepsin inhibitors imbalance remained unchanged and similar (∼2-fold) in the Ps+ and Ps− groups (p<0.001), which correlated with the breakdown of their circulating cystatin-like inhibitors (kininogens). Procathepsins, which may be activated autocatalytically, are a potential proteolytic reservoir. Immunoblotting and active-site labeling identified the double-chain cathepsin B, the major cathepsin in CF sputum, as the main molecular form in both Ps+ and Ps− samples, despite the possible release of the ∼31 kDa single-chain form from procathepsin B by sputum elastase. Thus, the hydrolytic activity of cysteine cathepsins was not correlated with bacterial colonization, indicating that cathepsins, unlike human neutrophil elastase, are not suitable markers of P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Naudin
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
| | - Alix Joulin-Giet
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
| | - Gérard Couetdic
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Plésiat
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | - Aneta Szymanska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Emilia Gorna
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Francis Gauthier
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
| | - Franciszek Kasprzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
- * E-mail:
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André R, Tahir MN, Link T, Jochum FD, Kolb U, Theato P, Berger R, Wiens M, Schröder HC, Müller WEG, Tremel W. Chemical mimicry: hierarchical 1D TiO2@ZrO2 core-shell structures reminiscent of sponge spicules by the synergistic effect of silicatein-α and silintaphin-1. Langmuir 2011; 27:5464-5471. [PMID: 21456536 DOI: 10.1021/la200066q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In nature, mineralization of hard tissues occurs due to the synergistic effect of components present in the organic matrix of these tissues, with templating and catalytic effects. In Suberites domuncula, a well-studied example of the class of demosponges, silica formation is mediated and templated by an axial proteinaceous filament with silicatein-α, one of the main components. But so far, the effect of other organic constituents from the proteinaceous filament on the catalytic effect of silicatein-α has not been studied in detail. Here we describe the synthesis of core-shell TiO(2)@SiO(2) and TiO(2)@ZrO(2) nanofibers via grafting of silicatein-α onto a TiO(2) nanowire backbone followed by a coassembly of silintaphin-1 through its specifically interacting domains. We show for the first time a linker-free, one-step funtionalization of metal oxides with silicatein-α using glutamate tag. In the presence of silintaphin-1 silicatein-α facilitates the formation of a dense layer of SiO(2) or ZrO(2) on the TiO(2)@protein backbone template. The immobilization of silicatein-α onto TiO(2) probes was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical light microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The coassembly of silicatein-α and silintaphin-1 may contribute to biomimetic approaches that pursue a controlled formation of patterned biosilica-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute André
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Ushakova NV, Kuz'mina VV. [Proteinases of hydrobionts--potential objects of fish feeding]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2011; 47:142-150. [PMID: 21598699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The review analyzes data on activities and characteristics of proteinases of digestive system and of cathepsins of various tissues in potential preys of fish differing by the character of feeding. There are presented data on multiple forms and molecular mass of proteinases, species-related differences, dependence of proteinase activities on the life cycle stages, type of nutrition, and biochemical food composition as well as on temperature and pH optima. Role of cathepsin in evolution of enzymatic systems providing degradation of food protein components in fish is discussed.
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Tedelind S, Poliakova K, Valeta A, Hunegnaw R, Yemanaberhan EL, Heldin NE, Kurebayashi J, Weber E, Kopitar-Jerala N, Turk B, Bogyo M, Brix K. Nuclear cysteine cathepsin variants in thyroid carcinoma cells. Biol Chem 2011; 391:923-35. [PMID: 20536394 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine peptidase cathepsin B is important in thyroid physiology by being involved in thyroid prohormone processing initiated in the follicular lumen and completed in endo-lysosomal compartments. However, cathepsin B has also been localized to the extrafollicular space and is therefore suggested to promote invasiveness and metastasis in thyroid carcinomas through, e.g., ECM degradation. In this study, immunofluorescence and biochemical data from subcellular fractionation revealed that cathepsin B, in its single- and two-chain forms, is localized to endo-lysosomes in the papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line KTC-1 and in the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines HTh7 and HTh74. This distribution is not affected by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) incubation of HTh74, the only cell line that expresses a functional TSH-receptor. Immunofluorescence data disclosed an additional nuclear localization of cathepsin B immunoreactivity. This was supported by biochemical data showing a proteolytically active variant slightly smaller than the cathepsin B proform in nuclear fractions. We also demonstrate that immunoreactions specific for cathepsin V, but not cathepsin L, are localized to the nucleus in HTh74 in peri-nucleolar patterns. As deduced from co-localization studies and in vitro degradation assays, we suggest that nuclear variants of cathepsins are involved in the development of thyroid malignancies through modification of DNA-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tedelind
- Research Center of Molecular Life Science, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Katunuma N. Structure-based development of specific inhibitors for individual cathepsins and their medical applications. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011; 87:29-39. [PMID: 21321479 PMCID: PMC3043741 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Specific inhibitors for individual cathepsins have been developed based on their tertiary structures of X-ray crystallography. Cathepsin B-specific inhibitors, CA-074 and CA-030, and cathepsin L specific inhibitors, CLIK-148 and CLIK-195, were designed as the epoxysuccinate derivatives. Cathepsin S inhibitor, CLIK-060, and cathepsin K inhibitor, CLIK-166, were synthesized. These inhibitors can use in vitro and also in vivo, and show no toxicity for experimental animals by the amounts used as the cathepsin inhibitor. Various cathepsins are used in the processing of antigenic proteins. The CLIK-060 treatment to the autoimmune disease, Sjögren model mice, led to strongly suppress the expression of the pathological symptoms. Cathepsins L or K participates to the degradation of bone collagen. The CLIK-148 protects osteoporosis in animals and also protects the bone metastasis of cancer cells. Cathepsin L also enhances insulin-induced glucose uptake into 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting cathepsin L plays the roles in adipogenesis and glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Katunuma
- Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan.
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Arampatzidou M, Rehders M, Dauth S, Yu DMT, Tedelind S, Brix K. Imaging of protease functions--current guide to spotting cysteine cathepsins in classical and novel scenes of action in mammalian epithelial cells and tissues. Ital J Anat Embryol 2011; 116:1-19. [PMID: 21898969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes some hundreds of proteases. Many of these are well studied and understood with respect to their biochemistry, molecular mechanisms of proteolytic cleavage, expression patterns, molecular structure, substrate preferences and regulatory mechanisms, including their endogenous inhibitors. Moreover, precise determination of protease localisation within subcellular compartments, peri- and extracellular spaces has been extremely useful in elucidating biological functions of peptidases. This can be achieved by refined methodology as will be demonstrated herein for the cysteine cathepsins. Besides localisation, it is now feasible to study in situ enzymatic activity at the various levels of subcellular compartments, cells, tissues, and even whole organisms including mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arampatzidou
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Kozhemyako VB, Veremeichik GN, Shkryl YN, Kovalchuk SN, Krasokhin VB, Rasskazov VA, Zhuravlev YN, Bulgakov VP, Kulchin YN. Silicatein genes in spicule-forming and nonspicule-forming Pacific demosponges. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2010; 12:403-409. [PMID: 19813057 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicatein genes are known to be involved in siliceous spicule formation in marine sponges. Proteins encoded by these genes, silicateins, were recently proposed for nanobiotechnological applications. We studied silicatein genes of marine sponges Latrunculia oparinae collected in the west Pacific region, shelf of Kuril Islands. Five silicatein genes, LoSilA1, LoSilA1a, LoSilA2, and LoSilA3 (silicatein-alpha group), LoSilB (silicatein-beta group), and one cathepsin gene, LoCath, were isolated from the sponge L. oparinae for the first time. The deduced amino acid sequence of L. oparinae silicateins showed high-sequence identity with silicateins described previously. LoCath contains the catalytic triad of amino acid residues Cys-His-Asn characteristic for cathepsins as well as motifs typical for silicateins. A phylogenetic analysis places LoCath between sponge silicateins-beta and L-cathepsins suggesting that the LoCath gene represents an intermediate form between silicatein and cathepsin genes. Additionally, we identified, for the first time, silicatein genes (AcSilA and AcSilB) in nonspicule-forming marine sponge, Acsmall a, Cyrillicnthodendrilla sp. The results suggest that silicateins could participate also in the function(s) unrelated to spiculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri B Kozhemyako
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia.
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Oliveira M, Torquato RJS, Alves MFM, Juliano MA, Brömme D, Barros NMT, Carmona AK. Improvement of cathepsin S detection using a designed FRET peptide based on putative natural substrates. Peptides 2010; 31:562-7. [PMID: 20045715 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase of the papain superfamily which is implicated in physiological and pathological states. The enzyme is highly expressed in antigen presenting cells and is thought to play an important role in the processing of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain. In pathological processes, cathepsin S is associated with Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and obesity and can be regarded as a potential target in related disorders. However, due to the broad substrate specificities of the lysosomal cathepsins, the specific detection of cathepsin S is difficult when other cathepsins are present. In an attempt to distinguish cathepsin S from other cathepsins we synthesized and tested fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from two of its putative natural substrates, namely insulin beta-chain and class II-associated invariant chain (CLIP). The influence of ionic strength on the catalytic activity and the enzyme stability in neutral pH was also analyzed. Using data gathered from our study we developed a selective substrate for cathepsin S and establish the assay conditions to differentiate the enzyme from cathepsins L, B, V and K. The peptide Abz-LEQ-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid; EDDnp=N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]ethylenediamine]) in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1M NaCl was hydrolyzed by cathepsin S with k(cat)/K(m) value of 3585mM(-1)s(-1), and was resistant to hydrolysis by cathepsins L, V, K and B. Thus, we developed a sensitive and selective cathepsins S substrate that permits continuous measurement of the enzymatic activity even in crude tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua 3 de Maio 100, São Paulo, Brazil
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