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Eckstein A, Welkoborsky HJ. [Interdisciplinary Management of Orbital Diseases]. Laryngorhinootologie 2024; 103:S43-S99. [PMID: 38697143 DOI: 10.1055/a-2216-8879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosis and therapy of orbital diseases is an interdisciplinary challenge, in which i.e. otorhinolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, radiologists, radiation therapists, maxillo-facial surgeons, endocrinologists, and pediatricians are involved. This review article describes frequent diseases which both, otolaryngologists and ophthalmologists are concerned with in interdisciplinary settings. In particular the inflammatory diseases of the orbit including orbital complications, autoimmunological diseases of the orbit including Grave´s orbitopathy, and primary and secondary tumors of the orbit are discussed. Beside describing the clinical characteristics and diagnostic steps the article focusses on the interdisciplinary therapy. The review is completed by the presentation of most important surgical approaches to the orbit, their indications and possible complications. The authors tried to highlight the relevant facts despite the shortness of the text.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H-J Welkoborsky
- Univ. Klinik für Augenheilkunde Universitätsmedizin Essen, Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Klinikum Nordstadt der KRH
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2
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Spillers NJ, Luther PM, Talbot NC, Kidder EJ, Doyle CA, Lutfallah SC, Derouen AG, Tirumala S, Ahmadzadeh S, Shekoohi S, Kaye AD, Varrassi G. A Comparative Review of Typical and Atypical Optic Neuritis: Advancements in Treatments, Diagnostics, and Prognosis. Cureus 2024; 16:e56094. [PMID: 38618469 PMCID: PMC11009899 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is a debilitating condition that through various mechanisms, including inflammation or demyelination of the optic nerve, can result in partial or total permanent vision loss if left untreated. Accurate diagnosis and promptly initiated treatment are imperative related to the potential of permanent loss of vision if left untreated, which can lead to a significant reduction in the quality of life in affected patients. ON is subtyped as "typical" or "atypical" based on underlying causative etiology. The etiology of ON can be differentiated when appropriate diagnostic testing is performed. Using history taking, neuroimaging, and visual testing to localize the underlying pathology of ON in a time-sensitive manner is critical in mitigating these unsatisfactory outcomes. Herein, we examine the differences in presentation, pathophysiology, and treatments of typical ON causes, like multiple sclerosis (MS), and atypical causes such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-immunoglobulin G (IgG) ON. The present investigation places focus on both neuroimaging and visual imaging in the differentiation of ON. Additionally, this review presents physicians with a better understanding of different presentations, treatments, and prognoses of ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Spillers
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Patrick M Luther
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Norris C Talbot
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Evan J Kidder
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Connor A Doyle
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Salim C Lutfallah
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at New Orleans, New Orleans, USA
| | - Alyssa G Derouen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Sridhar Tirumala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Shahab Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Sahar Shekoohi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
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Witczyńska A, Alaburda A, Grześk G, Nowaczyk J, Nowaczyk A. Unveiling the Multifaceted Problems Associated with Dysrhythmia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:263. [PMID: 38203440 PMCID: PMC10778936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysrhythmia is a term referring to the occurrence of spontaneous and repetitive changes in potentials with parameters deviating from those considered normal. The term refers to heart anomalies but has a broader meaning. Dysrhythmias may concern the heart, neurological system, digestive system, and sensory organs. Ion currents conducted through ion channels are a universal phenomenon. The occurrence of channel abnormalities will therefore result in disorders with clinical manifestations depending on the affected tissue, but phenomena from other tissues and organs may also manifest themselves. A similar problem concerns the implementation of pharmacotherapy, the mechanism of which is related to the impact on various ion currents. Treatment in this case may cause unfavorable effects on other tissues and organs. Drugs acting through the modulation of ion currents are characterized by relatively low tissue specificity. To assess a therapy's efficacy and safety, the risk of occurrences in other tissues with similar mechanisms of action must be considered. In the present review, the focus is shifted prominently onto a comparison of abnormal electrical activity within different tissues and organs. This review includes an overview of the types of dysrhythmias and the basic techniques of clinical examination of electrophysiological disorders. It also presents a concise overview of the available pharmacotherapy in particular diseases. In addition, the authors review the relevant ion channels and their research technique based on patch clumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Witczyńska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Aidas Alaburda
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Bioscience, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Grzegorz Grześk
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Jacek Nowaczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
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Del Negro I, Pauletto G, Verriello L, Spadea L, Salati C, Ius T, Zeppieri M. Uncovering the Genetics and Physiology behind Optic Neuritis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2192. [PMID: 38137014 PMCID: PMC10742654 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory condition affecting the optic nerve, leading to vision impairment and potential vision loss. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of ON, including its definition, epidemiology, physiology, genetics, molecular pathways, therapy, ongoing clinical studies, and future perspectives. ON is characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve, often resulting from an autoimmune response. Epidemiological studies have shown a higher incidence in females and an association with certain genetic factors. The physiology of ON involves an immune-mediated attack on the myelin sheath surrounding the optic nerve, leading to demyelination and subsequent impairment of nerve signal transmission. This inflammatory process involves various molecular pathways, including the activation of immune cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Genetic factors play a significant role in the susceptibility to ON. Several genes involved in immune regulation and myelin maintenance have been implicated in the disease pathogenesis. Understanding the genetic basis can provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Therapy for ON focuses on reducing inflammation and promoting nerve regeneration. Future perspectives involve personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiling, regenerative therapies to repair damaged myelin, and the development of neuroprotective strategies. Advancements in understanding molecular pathways, genetics, and diagnostic tools offer new opportunities for targeted therapies and improved patient outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Del Negro
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Giada Pauletto
- Neurology Unit, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Verriello
- Neurology Unit, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.P.)
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Tamara Ius
- Neurosurgery Unit, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Sayin Sakul AA, Pence KB, Ormeci T, Gunal MY. Can volumetric analysis of the brain help diagnose isolated optic neuritis? Clin Anat 2023; 36:1109-1115. [PMID: 37078532 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Isolated optic neuritis is a single episode inflammatory optic neuropathy. This condition, which affects the optimal function of the optic nerve, is not associated with neurological or systemic diseases. Our study aimed to compare patients with isolated optic neuritis and normal healthy individuals in terms of the cerebrum, cerebellum and hippocampus volumes by using the "volBrain Online MRI Brain Volumetry System" program. Persons diagnosed with isolated optic neuritis (n = 16) and persons without any disease (n = 16) were included in the study. VolBrain was used to process the MRI data and, the findings were compared with Mann-Whitney U test. Values with a p-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The cerebrum white matter volumes in the total brain and in the right-left hemispheres of the brain were statistically significantly lower in the optic neuritis group (p = 0.029; p = 0.050; p = 0.029, respectively). In the segmental cerebellum analysis, the left side lobule VIIIB, the total and right-left side lobule IX volumes were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.022; p = 0.014; p = 0.029; p = 0.018, respectively). In total, lobule I-II volume was statistically significantly lower in the optic neuritis group (p = 0.046). In the segmental hippocampus analysis, the right side CA2-CA3, the total and right-left side SR-SL-SM volumes were statistically significantly lower in the optic neuritis group (p = 0.039; p = 0.050; p = 0.016, respectively). There are neurodegenerative changes in brain volume in patients with isolated optic neuritis. Although volBrain alone is not sufficient to diagnose isolated optic neuritis, it provides quantitative data that can be used as a complementary diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Sayin Sakul
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K B Pence
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Ormeci
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Medipol University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Y Gunal
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
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Sheremet NL, Eliseeva DD, Kalashnikova AK, Zakharova MN. [Typical and atypical optic neuritis]. Vestn Oftalmol 2023; 139:175-182. [PMID: 38235645 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2023139061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is one of the most common neuro-ophthalmic causes of vision loss worldwide. Demyelinating ON can be idiopathic or be one of the symptoms of autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). Demographic, clinical and radiological signs of ON in these CNS diseases have differences. In this regard, typical and atypical ON are currently distinguished. Recognizing the clinical features that differentiate typical MS-associated ON from atypical ON in NMOSD and MOGAD is important for choosing the correct disease management and treatment strategy. This review summarizes the data from clinical, laboratory, instrumental methods of management used for the differential diagnosis of optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Sheremet
- Kasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A K Kalashnikova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Vallinayagam MK, Deepikadevi S, Sainath D, Balla SC. Clinical spectrum of first episode of optic neuritis in a tertiary care hospital in Southern India - A retrospective analysis. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2023; 37:20-24. [PMID: 36968764 PMCID: PMC10032289 DOI: 10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_166_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the demographic and clinical patterns of optic neuritis (ON) in patients presenting to a tertiary health-care institute and to study the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS), magnetic resonance imaging features in varied ON, treatment outcome, and prognosis. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients with first episode of ON presenting to a tertiary care center during the period from March 2013 to March 2021 was done. Details of ocular examination were retrieved from medical records and statistically analyzed. RESULTS Three hundred and fifty-four participants with ON were included in this study. The mean age was 40.25 ± 12.2 years. The male: female ratio was 1:1.35. 48.1% had visual acuity of <3/60. Based on clinical presentation, papillitis was seen in 31.5% of subjects, neuroretinitis in 24.1%, and retrobulbar neuritis in 44.4%. Based on etiology, 79.6% were idiopathic, 1.8% presented with infectious ON, and 9.26% were associated with demyelinating disease (MS). CONCLUSION Females were predominantly affected. Idiopathic ON formed the major subset etiologically. Sixty-six percent had visual recovery of 6/18 or better following corticosteroid therapy. 9.2% revealed multiple intracranial lesions on neuroimaging, suggesting high association with MS. Therefore, early diagnosis, vigilant monitoring of steroid therapy, and regular follow-up screening for MS remain the mainstay of management in ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu K. Vallinayagam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Muthu K. Vallinayagam, Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India. E-mail:
| | - S.N. Deepikadevi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Dipika Sainath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Shravya C. Balla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
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Lu Y, Zand R. Characteristics of Lyme optic neuritis: a case report of Lyme associated bilateral optic neuritis and systematic review of the literature. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:113. [PMID: 35321665 PMCID: PMC8941763 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic Neuritis is rare in Lyme borreliosis. The current knowledge of optic nerve involvement in Lyme borreliosis relies solely on case reports. The aim of this systematic review was to characterize and investigate the associated factors of optic neuritis in Lyme borreliosis. We further presented a very rare case of isolated bilateral optic neuritis in a Lyme seropositive patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhong Lu
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Ramin Zand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.
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Ambasta A, Kusumesh R, Sharma J, Sinha BP, Shree S, Gupta A, Priyadarshi RN. Clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of optic neuritis in a tertiary eye centre in Eastern India based on the status of serum aquaporin-4 antibody. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:490-496. [PMID: 35086223 PMCID: PMC9023929 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_290_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To elucidate the clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of optic neuritis based on the status of serum aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) in patients with optic neuritis (ON). Methods: Medical records of 106 patients with ON and a follow-up of 3 years were reviewed. For each patient, the following data were extracted: medical history, findings of the ocular examination, brain, orbital or spinal MRI, and serological tests for AQP4. The ON was classified as typical or atypical based on disc examination and improvement in vision after intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP). The clinical findings (typical or atypical), disease course, and outcomes were analyzed according to the serostatus of the ON. Results: 10 patients ((9.4%) were seropositive for AQP4-Ab; all had atypical ON. 96 patients (91%) were seronegative for AQP4-Ab: 36 atypical ON and 60 typical ON. Profound visual impairment at presentation was seen in all patients. However, at the end of the study period, seropositive and seronegative atypical ON had poor visual outcomes as compared to seronegative typical ON (P = 0.002). Five seropositive and four seronegative patients with atypical ON developed transverse myelitis. Bilateral disease with relapse was more in seropositive patients (80%); however, seronegative with atypical ON also had bilateral presentation and relapse in 42% and 41%, respectively. Conclusion: AQP4-Ab seropositive patients mostly present with atypical features such as bilateral recurrent ON, poor visual outcome, and increased incidence of transverse myelitis. However, atypical clinical features can also be seen in seronegative ON with a poor visual outcome and a recalcitrant course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ambasta
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Rakhi Kusumesh
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Janardan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Bibhuti Prassan Sinha
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Srishti Shree
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Rajeev N Priyadarshi
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and its ophthalmic manifestations have been variably portrayed. We report a case of a 56-year-old female presenting with sudden-onset vision loss associated with painful extraocular muscle movements in both eyes following COVID-19. Visual acuity was counting fingers close to face. Color perception tested was inaccurate. Ocular examination revealed sluggishly reacting pupils and an otherwise unremarkable fundus picture in both eyes, giving us an impression of bilateral retrobulbar neuritis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and orbit were unremarkable, while blood investigations revealed nothing suggestive. The patient dramatically improved with steroid therapy with full visual recovery and a color vision defect. This presentation of bilateral retrobulbar neuritis as a sequela of COVID-19 is presented for its rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Sainath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pondicherry, India
| | - Anujeet Paul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pondicherry, India
| | - Srikanth Krishnagopal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pondicherry, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pondicherry, India
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