Synthesis of 4-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyranopyrazolone derivatives with activated potassium carbonate: Evaluation of anticancer activity on cancer cell lines and apoptosis mechanism

Recent Applications of the Multicomponent Synthesis for Bioactive Pyrazole Derivatives

Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a privileged N-heterocycle with immense therapeutic potential. Over the last few decades, the pot, atom, and step economy (PASE) synthesis of pyrazole derivatives by multicomponent reactions (MCRs) has gained increasing popularity in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes the recent developments of multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of biologically active molecules containing the pyrazole moiety. Particularly, it covers the articles published from 2015 to date related to antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, and miscellaneous activities of pyrazole derivatives obtained exclusively via an MCR. The reported analytical and activity data, plausible synthetic mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations are organized in concise tables, schemes, and figures to facilitate comparison and underscore the key points of this review. We hope that this review will be helpful in the quest for developing more biologically active molecules and marketed drugs containing the pyrazole moiety.

In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Inducing Evaluation of Novel Halogenated Isatin Derivatives

BACKGROUND

Isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) and its derivatives have been shown their responsibility in a wide range of biological activities. Among the range of beneficial properties, anticancer compounds were the most extensively highlighted and explored.

OBJECTIVE

Herein, we report the targeting effect of halogenated isatin derivatives on cancer cell mitochondria and their antiproliferative mechanism.

METHOD

A series of novel 5-halo-Isatin derivatives consisting 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol scaffold were synthesized and easily conducted in good yields through a condensation reaction between keto groups of Isatin and primary amine under alcoholic conditions, followed by S-benzylation. The compounds were fully characterized using spectroscopic methods such as 1H-NMR, FTIR, mass spectroscopy and then tested in vitro towards three cancer cell lines HT-29 (colon cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and SKNMC (neuroblastoma). Apoptosis induction was investigated through assessment of caspase 3 and mitochondrial membrane potential.

RESULTS

The most potent compounds of 5b, 5r (IC50 = 18,13 µM) and 5n (IC50 = 20,17 µM) were found to show strong anticancer activity, especially for MCF7 cells. Further anticancer mechanism studies indicated that 5b and 5r induced apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.

CONCLUSION

This research demonstrated that 5b and 5r have an anticancer property via the modulation of oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and immune response, which deserves further studies on their clinical applications.