1
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Tan G, Spillane KM, Maher J. The Role and Regulation of the NKG2D/NKG2D Ligand System in Cancer. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1079. [PMID: 37626965 PMCID: PMC10452210 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The family of human NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) consists of eight stress-induced molecules. Over 80% of human cancers express these ligands on the surface of tumour cells and/or associated stromal elements. In mice, NKG2D deficiency increases susceptibility to some types of cancer, implicating this system in immune surveillance for malignancy. However, NKG2DL can also be shed, released via exosomes and trapped intracellularly, leading to immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, NKG2D can enhance chronic inflammatory processes which themselves can increase cancer risk and progression. Indeed, tumours commonly deploy a range of countermeasures that can neutralise or even corrupt this surveillance system, tipping the balance away from immune control towards tumour progression. Consequently, the prognostic impact of NKG2DL expression in human cancer is variable. In this review, we consider the underlying biology and regulation of the NKG2D/NKG2DL system and its expression and role in a range of cancer types. We also consider the opportunities for pharmacological modulation of NKG2DL expression while cautioning that such interventions need to be carefully calibrated according to the biology of the specific cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tan
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | | | - John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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2
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Abstract
Immunotherapy consisted mainly of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to significantly improved antitumor response. However, such response has been observed only in tumors possessing an overall responsive tumor immune micro-environment (TIME), in which the presence of functional tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is critical. Various mechanisms of immune escape from immunosurveillance exist, leading to different TIME phenotypes in correlation with primary or acquired resistance to ICIs. Radiotherapy has been shown to induce antitumor immunity not only in the irradiated primary tumor, but also at unirradiated distant sites of metastases. Such antitumor immunity is mainly elicited by radiation's stimulatory effects on antigenicity and adjuvanticity. Furthermore, it may be significantly augmented when irradiation is combined with immunotherapy, such as ICIs. Therefore, radiotherapy represents one potential therapeutic strategy to restore anti-tumor immunity in tumors presenting with an unresponsive TIME. In this review, the generation of anti-tumor immunity, its impairment, radiation's immunogenic properties, and the antitumor effects of combining radiation with immunotherapy will be comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Chi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nam Phong Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
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3
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Abstract
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have complementary roles in tumor immunity, and dual T cell and NK cell attack thus offers opportunities to deepen the impact of immunotherapy. Recent work has also shown that NK cells play an important role in recruiting dendritic cells to tumors and thus enhance induction of CD8 T cell responses, while IL-2 secreted by T cells activates NK cells. Targeting of immune evasion mechanisms from the activating NKG2D receptor and its MICA and MICB ligands on tumor cells offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Interestingly, T cells and NK cells share several important inhibitory and activating receptors that can be targeted to enhance T cell- and NK cell-mediated immunity. These inhibitory receptor-ligand systems include CD161-CLEC2D, TIGIT-CD155, and NKG2A/CD94-HLA-E. We also discuss emerging therapeutic strategies based on inhibitory and activating cytokines that profoundly impact the function of both lymphocyte populations within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kyrysyuk
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Lewicky JD, Martel AL, Fraleigh NL, Picard E, Mousavifar L, Nakamura A, Diaz-Mitoma F, Roy R, Le HT. Exploiting the DNA Damaging Activity of Liposomal Low Dose Cytarabine for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122710. [PMID: 36559204 PMCID: PMC9782803 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perhaps the greatest limitation for the continually advancing developments in cancer immunotherapy remains the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) axis is an emerging immunotherapy target, with the resulting type I interferons and transcription factors acting at several levels in both tumor and immune cells for the generation of adaptive T cell responses. The cGAS-STING axis activation by therapeutic agents that induce DNA damage, such as certain chemotherapies, continues to be reported, highlighting the importance of the interplay of this signaling pathway and the DNA damage response in cancer immunity/immunotherapy. We have developed a multi-targeted mannosylated cationic liposomal immunomodulatory system (DS) which contains low doses of the chemotherapeutic cytarabine (Ara-C). In this work, we show that entrapment of non-cytotoxic doses of Ara-C within the DS improves its ability to induce DNA double strand breaks in human ovarian and colorectal cancer cell lines, as well as in various immune cells. Importantly, for the first time we demonstrate that the DNA damage induced by Ara-C/DS translates into cGAS-STING axis activation. We further demonstrate that Ara-C/DS-mediated DNA damage leads to upregulation of surface expression of immune ligands on cancer cells, coinciding with priming of cytotoxic lymphocytes as assessed using an ex vivo model of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from colorectal cancer patients, as well as an in vitro NK cell model. Overall, the results highlight a broad immunotherapeutic potential for Ara-C/DS by enhancing tumor-directed inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. Lewicky
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Alexandrine L. Martel
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Nya L. Fraleigh
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Emilie Picard
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Leila Mousavifar
- Glycosciences and Nanomaterial Laboratory, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Arnaldo Nakamura
- Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Research Centre, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Francisco Diaz-Mitoma
- Medicinal Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - René Roy
- Glycosciences and Nanomaterial Laboratory, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (H.-T.L.)
| | - Hoang-Thanh Le
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
- Medicinal Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (H.-T.L.)
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5
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Shakfa N, Li D, Nersesian S, Wilson-Sanchez J, Koti M. The STING pathway: Therapeutic vulnerabilities in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:603-611. [PMID: 35383278 PMCID: PMC9381712 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality due to gynecologic malignancy. The majority of women diagnosed with the most common subtype, high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC), develop resistance to conventional therapies despite initial response to treatment. HGSC tumors displaying DNA damage repair (DDR) gene deficiency and high chromosomal instability mainly associate with higher cytotoxic immune cell infiltration and expression of genes associated with these immune pathways. Despite the high level of immune infiltration observed, the majority of patients with HGSC have not benefited from immunomodulatory treatments as the mechanistic basis of this infiltration is unclear. This lack of response can be primarily attributed to heterogeneity at the levels of both cancer cell genetic alterations and the tumour immune microenvironment. Strategies to enhance anti-tumour immunity have been investigated in ovarian cancer, of which interferon activating therapies present as an attractive option. Of the several type I interferon (IFN-1) stimulating therapies, exogenously activating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is emerging as a promising avenue. Herein, we highlight our current understanding of how constitutive and induced cGAS-STING pathway activation influences the ovarian tumour microenvironment. We further elaborate on the links between the genomic alterations prevalent in ovarian tumours and how the resultant immune phenotypes can make them more susceptible to exogenous STING pathway activation and potentiate immune-mediated killing of cancer cells. The therapeutic potential of cGAS-STING pathway activation in ovarian cancer and factors implicating treatment outcomes are discussed, providing a rationale for future combinatorial treatment approaches on the backbone of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Shakfa
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Deyang Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Juliette Wilson-Sanchez
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. .,Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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6
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Wang J, Liu K, Xiao T, Liu P, Prinz RA, Xu X. Uric acid accumulation in DNA-damaged tumor cells induces NKG2D ligand expression and antitumor immunity by activating TGF-β-activated kinase 1. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2016159. [PMID: 35154904 PMCID: PMC8837239 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2016159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage by genotoxic drugs such as gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) activates the ataxia telangiectasia, mutated (ATM)-Chk pathway and induces the expression of NKG2D ligands such as the MHC class I-related chain A and B (MICA/B). The mechanisms underlying this remain incompletely understood. Here we report that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), a rate-limiting enzyme that produces uric acid in the purine catabolism pathway, promotes DNA damage-induced MICA/B expression. Inhibition of the ATM-Chk pathway blocks genotoxic drug-induced uric acid production, TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation, ERK phosphorylation, and MICA/B expression. Inhibition of uric acid production by the XOR inhibitor allopurinol blocks DNA damage-induced TAK1 activation and MICA/B expression in genotoxic drug-treated cells. Exogenous uric acid activates TAK1, NF-κB, and the MAP kinase pathway. TAK1 inhibition blocks gemcitabine- and uric acid-induced MAP kinase activation and MICA/B expression. Exogenous uric acid in its salt form, monosodium urate (MSU), induces MICA/B expression and sensitizes tumor cells to NK cell killing. MSU immunization with irradiated murine breast cancer cell line RCAS-Neu retards breast cancer growth in syngeneic breast cancer models and delays breast cancer development in a somatic breast cancer model. Our study suggests that uric acid accumulation plays an important role in activating TAK1, inducing DNA damage-induced MICA/B expression, and enhancing antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tianxiang Xiao
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Penggang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Richard A. Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Il USA
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7
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Zheng B, Yu Y, Pan Z, Feng Y, Zhao H, Han Q, Zhang J. HBsAg Dampened STING Associated Activation of NK Cells in HBeAg-Negative CHB Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147643. [PMID: 34299262 PMCID: PMC8304816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells play crucial roles in defending against persistent HBV. However, NK cells present dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection, and the associated mechanism is still not fully understood. Except for the regulatory receptors, NK cells could also be regulated by the surface and intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In the present study, we found that the level of the adaptor of DNA sensor STING in NK cells was significantly decreased in HBeAg-negative CHB patients, and it was positively associated with the degranulation ability of NK cells. Compared to NK cells from healthy donors, NK cells from HBeAg-negative CHB patients displayed a lower responsiveness to cGAMP stimulation. Further investigation showed that HBsAg could inhibit the STING expression in NK cells and suppress the response of NK cells to cGAMP. Significantly, STAT3 was identified to be a transcription factor that directly regulated STING transcription by binding to the promoter. In addition, STAT3 positively regulated the STING associated IFN-α response of NK cells. These findings suggested that STING is an important adaptor in NK cell recognition and activation, while HBsAg disturbs NK cell function by the STAT3-STING axis, providing a new mechanism of NK disability in HBeAg-negative CHB infection.
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Cheng Z, Abrams ST, Austin J, Toh J, Wang SS, Wang Z, Yu Q, Yu W, Toh CH, Wang G. The Central Role and Possible Mechanisms of Bacterial DNAs in Sepsis Development. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7418342. [PMID: 32934605 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7418342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological roles of bacterial DNA have been documented many decades ago. Bacterial DNAs are different from mammalian DNAs; the latter are heavily methylated. Mammalian cells have sensors such as TLR-9 to sense the DNAs with nonmethylated CpGs and distinguish them from host DNAs with methylated CpGs. Further investigation has identified many other types of DNA sensors distributed in a variety of cellular compartments. These sensors not only sense foreign DNAs, including bacterial and viral DNAs, but also sense damaged DNAs from the host cells. The major downstream signalling pathways includeTLR-9-MyD88-IKKa-IRF-7/NF-κB pathways to increase IFN/proinflammatory cytokine production, STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway to increase IFN-beta, and AIM2-ASC-caspas-1 pathway to release IL-1beta. The major outcome is to activate host immune response by inducing cytokine production. In this review, we focus on the roles and potential mechanisms of DNA sensors and downstream pathways in sepsis. Although bacterial DNAs play important roles in sepsis development, bacterial DNAs alone are unable to cause severe disease nor lead to death. Priming animals with bacterial DNAs facilitate other pathological factors, such as LPS and other virulent factors, to induce severe disease and lethality. We also discuss compartmental distribution of DNA sensors and pathological significance as well as the transport of extracellular DNAs into cells. Understanding the roles of DNA sensors and signal pathways will pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies in many diseases, particularly in sepsis.
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9
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Ku JWK, Chen Y, Lim BJW, Gasser S, Crasta KC, Gan YH. Bacterial-induced cell fusion is a danger signal triggering cGAS-STING pathway via micronuclei formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15923-34. [PMID: 32571920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006908117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a bacterial pathogen that causes melioidosis, an infectious disease in the tropics with high morbidity and mortality. It has a unique property among bacteria: to fuse infected host cells. We found that our immune system detects bacterial- or chemical-induced host cell fusion as a danger signal. Abnormal cell fusion leads to genomic instability and formation of micronuclei. This triggers the host to activate a signaling pathway leading to a form of cell death known as autophagic death, which likely serves to limit abnormal cellular transformation. Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease in the tropics and subtropics with high morbidity and mortality. The facultative intracellular bacterium induces host cell fusion through its type VI secretion system 5 (T6SS5) as an important part of its pathogenesis in mammalian hosts. This allows it to spread intercellularly without encountering extracellular host defenses. We report that bacterial T6SS5-dependent cell fusion triggers type I IFN gene expression in the host and leads to activation of the cGAMP synthase–stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS–STING) pathway, independent of bacterial ligands. Aberrant and abortive mitotic events result in the formation of micronuclei colocalizing with cGAS, which is activated by double-stranded DNA. Surprisingly, cGAS–STING activation leads to type I IFN transcription but not its production. Instead, the activation of cGAS and STING results in autophagic cell death. We also observed type I IFN gene expression, micronuclei formation, and death of chemically induced cell fusions. Therefore, we propose that the cGAS–STING pathway senses unnatural cell fusion through micronuclei formation as a danger signal, and consequently limits aberrant cell division and potential cellular transformation through autophagic death induction.
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10
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Nersesian S, Glazebrook H, Toulany J, Grantham SR, Boudreau JE. Naturally Killing the Silent Killer: NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Ovarian Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1782. [PMID: 31456796 PMCID: PMC6699519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is diagnosed in ~22,000 women in the US each year and kills 14,000 of them. Often, patients are not diagnosed until the later stages of disease, when treatment options are limited, highlighting the urgent need for new and improved therapies for precise cancer control. An individual's immune function and interaction with tumor cells can be prognostic of the response to cancer treatment. Current emerging therapies for OC include immunotherapies, which use antibodies or drive T cell-mediated cancer recognition and elimination. In OC, these have been limited by adverse side effects and tumor characteristics including inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity, lack of targetable antigens, loss of tumor human leukocyte antigen expression, high levels of immunosuppressive factors, and insufficient immune cell trafficking. Natural killer (NK) cells may be ideal as primary or collateral effectors to these nascent immunotherapies. NK cells exhibit multiple functions that combat immune escape and tumor relapse: they kill targets and elicit inflammation through antigen-independent pathways and detect loss of HLA as a signal for activation. NK cells are efficient mediators of tumor immune surveillance and control, suppressed by the tumor microenvironment and rescued by immune checkpoint blockade. NK cells are regulated by a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors and already known to be central effectors across an array of existing therapies. In this article, we highlight interactions between NK cells and OC and their potential to change the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and participate in durable immune control of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Haley Glazebrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jay Toulany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stephanie R Grantham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jeanette E Boudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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11
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Abstract
When cells undergo necrotic cell death in either physiological or pathophysiological settings in vivo, they release highly immunogenic intracellular molecules and organelles into the interstitium and thereby represent the strongest known trigger of the immune system. With our increasing understanding of necrosis as a regulated and genetically determined process (RN, regulated necrosis), necrosis and necroinflammation can be pharmacologically prevented. This review discusses our current knowledge about signaling pathways of necrotic cell death as the origin of necroinflammation. Multiple pathways of RN such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis have been evolutionary conserved most likely because of their differences in immunogenicity. As the consequence of necrosis, however, all necrotic cells release damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that have been extensively investigated over the last two decades. Analysis of necroinflammation allows characterizing specific signatures for each particular pathway of cell death. While all RN-pathways share the release of DAMPs in general, most of them actively regulate the immune system by the additional expression and/or maturation of either pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In addition, DAMPs have been demonstrated to modulate the process of regeneration. For the purpose of better understanding of necroinflammation, we introduce a novel classification of DAMPs in this review to help detect the relative contribution of each RN-pathway to certain physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Sarhan
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Walter G Land
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian P Hugo
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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12
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Raulet DH, Marcus A, Coscoy L. Dysregulated cellular functions and cell stress pathways provide critical cues for activating and targeting natural killer cells to transformed and infected cells. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:93-101. [PMID: 29027233 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill cancer cells and infected cells by engaging cell surface ligands that are induced preferentially or exclusively on these cells. These ligands are recognized by activating receptors on NK cells, such as NKG2D. In addition to activation by cell surface ligands, the acquisition of optimal effector activity by NK cells is driven in vivo by cytokines and other signals. This review addresses a developing theme in NK cell biology: that NK-activating ligands on cells, and the provision of cytokines and other signals that drive high effector function in NK cells, are driven by abnormalities that arise from transformation or the infected state. The pathways include genomic damage, which causes self DNA to be exposed in the cytosol of affected cells, where it activates the DNA sensor cGAS. The resulting signaling induces NKG2D ligands and also mobilizes NK cell activation. Other key pathways that regulate NKG2D ligands include PI-3 kinase activation, histone acetylation, and the integrated stress response. This review summarizes the roles of these pathways and their relevance in both viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Assaf Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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13
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Xu X, Rao G, Li Y. Xanthine oxidoreductase is required for genotoxic stress-induced NKG2D ligand expression and gemcitabine-mediated antitumor activity. Oncotarget 2016; 7:59220-35. [PMID: 27494876 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MICA/B (the major histocompatibility antigen-related chain A and B) and Rae I are stress-inducible ligands for the immune-receptor NKG2D. Mechanisms by which genotoxic stress and DNA damage induce the expression of NKG2D ligands remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that inhibition of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity by allopurinol or inhibition of XOR expression by gene knockdown abrogated genotoxic stress-induced expression of MICA/B and Rae I in three tumor cell lines. XOR knockdown also blocked gemcitabine-mediated antitumor activity in an orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. As a rate-limiting enzyme in the purine catabolic pathway, XOR generates two end-products, uric acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS scavenging had an insignificant effect on genotoxic drug-induced MICA/B expression but modestly inhibited radiation-induced MICA/B expression. Exogenous uric acid (in the form of monosodium urate) induced MICA/B expression by activating the MAP kinase pathway. Allopurinol blocked genotoxic stress-induced MAP kinase activation. Our study provides mechanistic insights into genotoxic stress-induced activation of the MAP kinase pathway and suggests that XOR is required for genotoxic stress-induced NKG2D ligand expression and gemcitabine-mediated antitumor activity.
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Land WG, Agostinis P, Gasser S, Garg AD, Linkermann A. Transplantation and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3338-3361. [PMID: 27421829 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Upon solid organ transplantation and during cancer immunotherapy, cellular stress responses result in the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The various cellular stresses have been characterized in detail over the last decades, but a unifying classification based on clinically important aspects is lacking. Here, we provide an in-depth review of the most recent literature along with a unifying concept of the danger/injury model, suggest a classification of DAMPs, and review the recently elaborated mechanisms that result in the emission of such factors. We further point out the differences in DAMP responses including the release following a heat shock pattern, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage-mediated DAMP release, and discuss the diverse pathways of regulated necrosis in this respect. The understanding of various forms of DAMPs and the consequences of their different release patterns are prerequisite to associate serum markers of cellular stresses with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Land
- German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, Plateforme GENOMAX, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,LabexTRANSPLANTEX, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Gasser
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Linkermann
- Cluster of Excellence EXC306, Inflammation at Interfaces, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.,Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Land WG, Agostinis P, Gasser S, Garg AD, Linkermann A. DAMP-Induced Allograft and Tumor Rejection: The Circle Is Closing. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3322-3337. [PMID: 27529775 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological importance of the immunogenicity of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) has been pinpointed by their identification as triggers of allograft rejection following release from dying cells, such as after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In cancers, however, this strong trigger of a specific immune response gives rise to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the recently literature on the pathophysiological importance of DAMP release and discuss the implications of these processes for allograft rejection and cancer immunotherapy, revealing a striking mechanistic overlap. We conclude that these two fields share a common mechanistic basis of regulated necrosis and inflammation, the molecular characterization of which may be helpful for both oncologists and the transplant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Land
- German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, Plateforme GENOMAX, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,LabexTRANSPLANTEX, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Gasser
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC306, Inflammation at Interfaces, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.,Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Regulated cell death and adaptive stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2405-10. [PMID: 27048813 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells react to potentially dangerous perturbations of the intracellular or extracellular microenvironment by activating rapid (transcription-independent) mechanisms that attempt to restore homeostasis. If such perturbations persist, cells may still try to cope with stress by activating delayed and robust (transcription-dependent) adaptive systems, or they may actively engage in cellular suicide. This regulated form of cell death can manifest with various morphological, biochemical and immunological correlates, and constitutes an ultimate attempt of stressed cells to maintain organismal homeostasis. Here, we dissect the general organization of adaptive cellular responses to stress, their intimate connection with regulated cell death, and how the latter operates for the preservation of organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France. .,U1138, INSERM, 75006, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, 75006, Paris, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006, Paris, France. .,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, 75006, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, 75006, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France. .,U1138, INSERM, 75006, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, 75006, Paris, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006, Paris, France. .,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015, Paris, France. .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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