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Cao R, Guo S, Min L, Li P. Roles of Rictor alterations in gastrointestinal tumors (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:37. [PMID: 38186315 PMCID: PMC10807360 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tumors account for five of the top 10 causes of mortality from all cancers (colorectal, liver, stomach, esophageal and pancreatic cancer). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is commonly dysregulated in various human cancers. As a core component of the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), Rictor is a key effector molecule of the PI3K/Akt pathway. A high alteration rate of Rictor has been observed in gastrointestinal tumors, and such Rictor alterations are often associated with resistance to chemotherapy and related adverse clinical outcomes. However, the exact roles of Rictor in gastrointestinal tumors remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to critically discuss the following: i) Mutation and biological characteristics of Rictor in tumors with a detailed overview of Rictor in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy and drug resistance; ii) the role of Rictor in tumors of the digestive system, particularly colorectal, hepatobiliary, gastric, esophageal and pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma; and iii) the current status and prospects of targeted therapy for Rictor by inhibiting Akt activation. Despite the growing realization of the importance of Rictor/mTORC2 in cancer, the underlying mechanistic details remain poorly understood; this needs to change in order for the development of efficient targeted therapies and re‑sensitization of therapy‑resistant cancers to be made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos School of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 017000, P.R. China
| | - Shuilong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Sun J, Zhu Q, Yu X, Liang X, Guan H, Zhao H, Yao W. RhoGDI3 at the trans-Golgi network participates in NLRP3 inflammasome activation, VSMC phenotypic modulation, and neointima formation. Atherosclerosis 2023; 387:117391. [PMID: 38029612 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The pathological roles and mechanisms of Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 3 (RhoGDI3) in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation and neointima formation are currently unknown. This study aimed to investigate how RhoGDI3 regulates the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced neointima formation. METHODS For in vitro assays, human aortic VSMCs (HA-VSMCs) were transfected with pcDNA3.1-GDI3 and RhoGDI3 siRNA to overexpress and knockdown RhoGDI3, respectively. HA-VSMCs were also treated with an NLRP3 inhibitor (CY-09) or agonist (NSS). Protein transcription and expression, cell proliferation and migration, Golgi morphology, and protein binding and colocalization were measured. For the in vivo assays, balloon injury (BI) rats were injected with recombinant adenovirus carrying RhoGDI3 shRNA. Carotid arterial morphology, protein expression and colocalization, and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome were measured. RESULTS PDGF-BB treatment induced transcription and expression of RhoGDI3 through PDGF receptor αβ (PDGFRαβ) rather than PDGFRαα or PDGFRββ in HA-VSMCs. RhoGDI3 suppression blocked PDGF-BB-induced VSMC phenotypic transformation. In contrast, RhoGDI3 overexpression further promoted PDGF-BB-induced VSMC dedifferentiation. The in vivo results also confirmed that RhoGDI3 expressed in VSMCs participated in neointima formation and muscle fiber and collagen deposition caused by balloon injury. In addition, PDGF-BB increased binding of RhoGDI3 to NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) at the trans-Golgi membrane, which depended on the normal Golgi network. However, recruitment of NLRP3 and ASC to the trans-Golgi network after PDGF-BB treatment was independent of RhoGDI3. Moreover, RhoGDI3 knockdown significantly inhibited ASC expression and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation and reduced NLRP3 protein stability in PDGF-BB-treated HA-VSMCs. Inhibiting NLRP3 effectively prevented PDGF-BB-induced VSMC phenotypic modulation, and an NLRP3 agonist reversed the decline in VSMC phenotypic transformation caused by RhoGDI3 knockdown. Furthermore, RhoGDI3 suppression reduced the protein levels and assembly of NLRP3 and ASC, and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in VSMCs in a rat balloon injury model. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study reveal a novel mechanism through which RhoGDI3 regulates VSMC phenotypic modulation and neointima formation by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 QiXiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 QiXiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiuying Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 QiXiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Haijing Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 QiXiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Heyan Zhao
- Medical School, Nantong University, 19 QiXiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 QiXiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Dai F, Qi Y, Guan W, Meng G, Liu Z, Zhang T, Yao W. RhoGDI stability is regulated by SUMOylation and ubiquitination via the AT1 receptor and participates in Ang II-induced smooth muscle proliferation and vascular remodeling. Atherosclerosis 2019; 288:124-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cao J, Wang Y, Dong R, Lin G, Zhang N, Wang J, Lin N, Gu Y, Ding L, Ying M, He Q, Yang B. Hypoxia-Induced WSB1 Promotes the Metastatic Potential of Osteosarcoma Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4839-51. [PMID: 26424695 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia occurs in many solid tumors, where it is associated with the development of metastatic character. However, the connections between these phenomena are not fully understood. In this study, we define an integrative role for the E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit WSB1. In primary osteosarcomas, increased levels of WSB1 correlated with pulmonary metastatic potential. RNAi-mediated attenuation of WSB1 or disruption of its E3 ligase activity potently suppressed tumor metastasis. Quantitative proteomic and functional analyses revealed that WSB1 ubiquitylates the Rho-binding protein RhoGDI2 and promotes its proteasomal degradation, thereby activating Rac1 to stimulate tumor cell motility and invasion. Our findings show how WSB1 regulates key steps of the metastatic cascade in hypoxia-driven osteosarcoma, and they highlight a candidate therapeutic target to potentially improve the survival of patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Dong
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanyu Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nengming Lin
- Institute for Individualized Medicine, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Gu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ling Ding
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major clinical obstacle in treatment of gastric cancer. Previously, using 2D electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, we identified RhoGDI2 as a contributor to 5-FU resistance in colon cancer cells, and also confer gastric cancer cells resistance to 5-FU. Here, we reported RhoGDI2 also induced MDR in gastric cancer cell line (MKN-45). To explore the underlining mechanism, we detected the mRNA, protein expression, activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in MKN-45 stably transfected with RhoGDI2 expressing or control vector. All the mRNA, protein level, activity were increased by 130%, 230%, 35% respectively after ectopic expression of RhoGDI2. RhoGDI2 was correlated with P-gp expression in gastric cancer tissues as detected by immunohistochemistry. To further study how RhoGDI2 up-regulates P-gp expression, we tested the activity of Rac1 in MKN-45/RhoGDI2 and MKN-45/GFP. Ectopic expression of RhoGDI2 increased Rac1 activity (P < 0.05). For more important, silencing of Rac1 expression by siRNA decreased P-gp expression to undetectable level. Overall, these findings suggest that RhoGDI2 up-regulates P-gp expression via Rac1 to induce MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, and Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People's Republic of China
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