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Turza A, Pascuta P, Muresan-Pop M, Mare L, Borodi G, Popescu V. Five Novel Polymorphs of Cardarine/GW501516 and Their Characterization by X-ray Diffraction, Computational Methods, Thermal Analysis and a Pharmaceutical Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:623. [PMID: 38794285 PMCID: PMC11125426 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
GW501516, also known by the name of cardarine, is a synthetic peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPR-δ) agonist agent developed for applications in the treatment of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. A broad polymorph screening in various solvents and mixtures was completed in order to explore its capabilities to grow polymorphs. The crystal structures of four polymorphs were elucidated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, while one structure was solved via a powder X-ray diffraction method. The solid state features (nature of intermolecular interactions) were investigated by computational methods. The polymorphs were further investigated by thermal DSC analysis and X-ray diffraction on powders. From a pharmaceutical perspective, the stability and solubility of the polymorphs were analyzed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Turza
- National Institute For R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Petru Pascuta
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (P.P.); (L.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Marieta Muresan-Pop
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Liviu Mare
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (P.P.); (L.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Gheorghe Borodi
- National Institute For R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Violeta Popescu
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (P.P.); (L.M.); (V.P.)
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Saibil SD, St Paul M, Laister RC, Garcia-Batres CR, Israni-Winger K, Elford AR, Grimshaw N, Robert-Tissot C, Roy DG, Jones RG, Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors α and δ Synergizes with Inflammatory Signals to Enhance Adoptive Cell Therapy. Cancer Res 2018; 79:445-451. [PMID: 30573521 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells (Tmem) are superior mediators of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) compared with effector CD8+ T cells (Teff) due to increased persistence in vivo. Underpinning Tmem survival is a shift in cellular metabolism away from aerobic glycolysis towards fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Here we investigated the impact of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist GW501516 (GW), an agent known to boost FAO in other tissues, on CD8+ T-cell metabolism, function, and efficacy in a murine ACT model. Via activation of both PPARα and PPARδ/β, GW treatment increased expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a, the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, in activated CD8+ T cells. Using a metabolomics approach, we demonstrated that GW increased the abundance of multiple different acylcarnitines, consistent with enhanced FAO. T cells activated in the presence of GW and inflammatory signals, either mature dendritic cells or IL12, also demonstrated enhanced production of IFNγ and expression of T-bet. Despite high expression of T-bet, a characteristic of short-lived effector cells, GW-treated cells demonstrated enhanced persistence in vivo and superior efficacy in a model of ACT. Collectively, these data identify combined PPARα and PPARδ/β agonists as attractive candidates for further studies and rapid translation into clinical trials of ACT. SIGNIFICANCE: Dual activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and δ improves the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy by reprogramming T-cell metabolism and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Saibil
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert C Laister
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dominic G Roy
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Russell G Jones
- Metabolism and Nutrition Program, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Linh T Nguyen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Liss KHH, Finck BN. PPARs and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochimie 2017; 136:65-74. [PMID: 27916647 PMCID: PMC5380579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a range of liver pathology ranging from simple steatosis to varying degrees of inflammation, hepatocyte injury and fibrosis. Without intervention it can progress to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given its close association with obesity, the prevalence of NAFLD has increased dramatically worldwide. Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of NAFLD and although lifestyle modifications with appropriate diet and exercise have been shown to be beneficial, this has been difficult to achieve and sustain for the majority of patients. As such, the search for effective therapeutic agents is an active area of research. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to a class of nuclear receptors. Because of their key role in the transcriptional regulation of mediators of glucose and lipid metabolism, PPAR ligands have been investigated as possible therapeutic agents. Here we review the current evidence from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potential of PPAR ligands for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H H Liss
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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PPARα Is Required for PPARδ Action in Regulation of Body Weight and Hepatic Steatosis in Mice. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:927057. [PMID: 26604919 PMCID: PMC4641930 DOI: 10.1155/2015/927057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors alpha (PPARα) and delta (PPARδ) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARα is a target of well established lipid-lowering drugs. PPARδ (also known as PPARβ/δ) has been investigated as a promising antidiabetic drug target; however, the evidence in the literature on PPARδ effect on hepatic lipid metabolism is inconsistent. Mice conditionally expressing human PPARδ demonstrated pronounced weight loss and promoted hepatic steatosis when treated with GW501516 (PPARδ-agonist) when compared to wild type mice. This effect was completely absent in mice with either a dominant negative form of PPARδ or deletion of the DNA binding domain of PPARδ. This confirmed the absolute requirement for PPARδ in the physiological actions of GW501516 and confirmed the potential utility against the human form of this receptor. Surprisingly the genetic deletion of PPARα also abrogated the effect of GW501516 in terms of both weight loss and hepatic lipid accumulation. Also the levels of the PPARα endogenous agonist 16:0/18:1-GPC were shown to be modulated by PPARδ in wild type mice. Our results show that both PPARδ and PPARα receptors are essential for GW501516-driven adipose tissue reduction and subsequently hepatic steatosis, with PPARα working downstream of PPARδ.
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