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Wang T, Zhang Q, Wang N, Liu Z, Zhang B, Zhao Y. Research Progresses of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3107-3146. [PMID: 33050856 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201013162144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with nearly one million new cases and deaths every year. Owing to the complex pathogenesis, hidden early symptoms, rapidly developing processes, and poor prognosis, the morbidity and mortality of HCC are increasing yearly. With the progress being made in modern medicine, the treatment of HCC is no longer limited to traditional methods. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have emerged to treat advanced and metastatic HCC in recent years. Since Sorafenib is the first molecular targeting drug against angiogenesis, targeted drugs for HCC are continually emerging. Moreover, immunotherapy plays a vital role in clinical trials. In particular, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have received increasing attention in the field of cancer treatment, is a possible research path. Interestingly, these two therapies generally complement each other at some stages of HCC, bringing new hope for patients with advanced HCC. In this paper, we discuss the research progress of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for HCC in recent years, which will provide a reference for the further development of drugs for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qiting Zhang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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Tokay E. Epidermal Growth Factor Mediates Up-Regulation of URGCP Oncogene in Human Hepatoma Cancer Cells. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tang W, Chen Z, Zhang W, Cheng Y, Zhang B, Wu F, Wang Q, Wang S, Rong D, Reiter FP, De Toni EN, Wang X. The mechanisms of sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: theoretical basis and therapeutic aspects. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:87. [PMID: 32532960 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor capable of facilitating apoptosis, mitigating angiogenesis and suppressing tumor cell proliferation. In late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), sorafenib is currently an effective first-line therapy. Unfortunately, the development of drug resistance to sorafenib is becoming increasingly common. This study aims to identify factors contributing to resistance and ways to mitigate resistance. Recent studies have shown that epigenetics, transport processes, regulated cell death, and the tumor microenvironment are involved in the development of sorafenib resistance in HCC and subsequent HCC progression. This study summarizes discoveries achieved recently in terms of the principles of sorafenib resistance and outlines approaches suitable for improving therapeutic outcomes for HCC patients.
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Abstract
As the second most common cancer in the world, primary liver cancer has become one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in China, causing great pain and financial burden to patients and their families. Traditional treatment methods have not achieved satisfactory results so far, and people are gradually turning their attention to targeted drug therapy, which has many advantages, such as accuracy and little adverse reactions. Previous studies have shown that the introduction of targeted drug sorafenib can improve the survival of patients with primary liver cancer and open a new era of tumor targeted therapy. In recent years, molecular targeted therapy for liver cancer has become a research hotspot. A variety of new molecular targeted drugs have been found to be able to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced liver cancer. The purpose of this article is to review the progress in basic and clinical research on molecular targeted therapy for primary hepatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ji Li
- Graduate College, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Graduate College, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zan-Song Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system. Traditional treatment is not effective for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib is the first molecule-targeted drug for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. The emergence of molecule-targeted drugs provided a new choice for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, thanks to the development of immunotherapy, many new molecule-targeted drugs have been found to significantly improve the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeted drugs have become a research hotspot. This article reviews the progress in basic and clinical research of molecule-targeted drugs for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Ji Li
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zan-Song Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Li WY, Li Q, Jing L, Wu T, Han LL, Wang Y, Yu SZ, Nan KJ, Guo H. P57-mediated autophagy promotes the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2019; 39:147-157. [PMID: 30178471 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy is a major obstacle in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Autophagy plays a vital role in antitumour treatment. Our previous study suggested that p57 is associated with autophagy and cisplatin resistance. The present study aimed to investigate whether p57 can enhance the sensitivity of HCC cells to Erlotinib (Er)/Cetuximab(C-225) and further explore the potential mechanisms of Er/C-225 resistance. METHODS HCC cells were transfected with pIRES2-EGFP-p57 and pIRES2-EGFP-nc, accompanied by Er/C-225 treatment. Cell viability was detected by an Annexin apoptosis kit and MTT assay. Xenograft experiments were performed to study the function of p57 in the treatment of Er/C-225 in vivo. The level of autophagy was determined by analysis of the appearance of autophagic vacuoles. Western blotting was used to investigate the potential pathways involved. RESULTS Up-regulation of p57 decreased the level of Er/C-225-induced autophagy and enhanced the decrease in Er/C-225-induced cell viability. P57 overexpression combined with CQ treatment further enhanced the therapeutic efficiency of Er/C-225. The xenograft experiment verified that p57 up-regulation sensitizes HCC cells to Er/C-225. Moreover, a mechanistic investigation demonstrated that the up-regulation of p57 resulted in a decrease of LC3B-II and beclin-1, and an increase in p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR protein expressions. CONCLUSIONS Through activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway, p57 can reverse Er/C-225-induced autophagy, and thereby increase the therapeutic efficiency of Er/C-225 treatment. Given these results, p57 up-regulation may be applicable as a therapeutic strategy to improve EGFR-targeted therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Li Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Si-Zhe Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke-Jun Nan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Niu L, Liu L, Yang S, Ren J, Lai PBS, Chen GG. New insights into sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: Responsible mechanisms and promising strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:564-570. [PMID: 29054475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is disappointing that only a few patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) obtain a significant survival benefit from the sorafenib treatment, which is currently regarded as a first-line chemotherapeutic therapy in patients with advanced HCC. Most patients are highly refractory to this therapy. Therefore, it is necessary to identify resistant factors and explore potential protocols that can be used to overcome the resistance or substitute sorafenib once the resistance is formed. In fact, a growing body of studies has been focusing on the resistance mechanisms or the method to overcome it. The limitation of sorafenib efficacy has been partially but not fully elucidated. Moreover, some protocols have shown encouraging outcomes but still need to be further verified in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the potential mechanisms that contribute to sorafenib resistance and discuss strategies that can be used to improve the treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Niu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengli Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, China.
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Song P, Yang J, Li X, Huang H, Guo X, Zhou G, Xu X, Cai Y, Zhu M, Wang P, Zhao S, Zhang D. Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody nimotuzumab: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8122. [PMID: 28953642 PMCID: PMC5626285 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Molecular targeted therapy provides new ideas and hope for the treatment of hepatocellular cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is closely related to tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. PATIENT CONCERNS Several reports indicate that the EGFR is expressed frequently in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), thus targeting EGFR research has become a hot topic to explore the treatment of HCC patient. DIAGNOSES Anti-EGFR might serve as a potential therapeutic agent, especially for patients with HCC who are unable to tolerate chemotherapy and surgery. INTERVENTIONS Although phase II open-label study of cetuximab in unresectable HCC was negative, the clinical relevance of this report by Song et al which is based on a single patient is questionable. OUTCOMES We for the first time report that nimotuzumab (an anti-EGFR mAb) resulted in a complete remission (CR) in an 87-year-old patient with HCC. The patient was in B stage according to Barcelona center staging criteria and his liver function was Child-Pugh B grade. LESSONS Our case suggested that anti-EGFR mAbs might be potential therapeutic options for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xian Xu
- Department of Geriatric Radiology, The General Hospital of Chinese People's liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Geriatric Oncology
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Oncology
| | | | - Shu Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Oncology
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Liu F, Zhang W, Yang F, Feng T, Zhou M, Yu Y, Yu X, Zhao W, Yi F, Tang W. Interleukin-6-stimulated progranulin expression contributes to the malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating mTOR signaling. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21260. [PMID: 26879559 PMCID: PMC4754634 DOI: 10.1038/srep21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the expression of progranulin (PGRN) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6), a non-cellular component of the tumor microenvironment, and the molecular mechanism of PGRN oncogenic activity in hepatocarcinogenesis. Levels of IL-6 and PGRN were increased and positively correlated in HCC tissues. IL-6 dose- and time-dependently increased PGRN level in HCC cells. IL-6-driven PGRN expression was at least in part mediated by Erk/C/EBPβ signaling, and reduced expression of PGRN impaired IL-6-stimulated proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. PGRN activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of p70S6K, 4E-BP1, and Akt-Ser473/FoxO1. Inhibition of mTOR signaling with rapamycin, an mTOR signaling inhibitor, disturbed PGRN- or IL-6-mediated proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro. Persistent activation of mTOR signaling by knockdown of TSC2 restored PGRN-knockdown-attenuated pro-proliferation effects of IL-6 in HepG2 cells. In addition, rapamycin treatment in vivo in mice slowed tumor growth stimulated by recombinant human PGRN. Our findings provide a better understanding of the biological activities of the IL-6/PGRN/mTOR cascade in the carcinogenesis of HCC, which may suggest a novel target in the treatment of HCC.
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ZHENG RUINIAN, YOU ZHIJIAN, JIA JUN, LIN SHUNHUAN, HAN SHUAI, LIU AIXUE, LONG HUIDONG, WANG SENMING. Curcumin enhances the antitumor effect of ABT-737 via activation of the ROS-ASK1-JNK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:1570-6. [PMID: 26707143 PMCID: PMC4732838 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the therapeutic treatment strategies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unsatisfactory, and novel methods are urgently required to treat this disease. Members of the B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family are anti‑apoptotic proteins, which are commonly expressed at high levels in certain HCC tissues and positively correlate with the treatment resistance of patients with HCC. ABT-737, an inhibitor of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic proteins, has been demonstrated to exhibit potent antitumor effects in several types of tumor, including HCC. However, treatment with ABT-737 alone also activates certain pro-survival signaling pathways, which attenuate the antitumor validity of ABT-737. Curcumin, which is obtained from Curcuma longa, is also an antitumor potentiator in multiple types of cancer. In the present study, the synergistic effect of curcumin and ABT-737 on HCC cells was investigated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. It was found that curcumin markedly enhanced the antitumor effects of ABT-737 on HepG2 cells, which was partially dependent on the induction of apoptosis, according to western blot analysis and flow cytometric apoptosis analysis. In addition, the sustained activation of the ROS-ASK1-c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway may be an important mediator of the synergistic effect of curcumin and ABT-737. Collectively, these results indicated that the combination of curcumin and ABT-737 can efficaciously induce the death of HCC cells, and may offer a potential treatment strategy for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- RUINIAN ZHENG
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China,Department of Oncology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - ZHIJIAN YOU
- Department of Oncology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - JUN JIA
- Department of Oncology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - SHUNHUAN LIN
- Department of Oncology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - SHUAI HAN
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - AIXUE LIU
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - HUIDONG LONG
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - SENMING WANG
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Senming Wang, Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Middle Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Bo QF, Sun XM, Liu J, Sui XM, Li GX. Antitumor action of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1979-1984. [PMID: 26622783 PMCID: PMC4579902 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of apoptosis in cancer cells is the major pathological feature of hepatic carcinoma. Rosiglitazone (RGZ), a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), has been shown to induce apoptosis in hepatic carcinoma cells. However, the mechanism underlying this effect remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of RGZ on cell viability and apoptosis, and its mechanisms in cultured HepG2 cells using MTT assay, flow cytometry and western blotting. The results revealed that treatment with RGZ may attenuate HepG2 cell viability and induce the apoptosis of the cells. The mechanism of RGZ-induced apoptosis involves an increase in the level of activated PPAR-γ (p-PPAR-γ) and a decrease in p85 and Akt expression. In addition, the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 suppressed the effect of RGZ in the HepG2 cells. Taken together, the results suggest that RGZ induces the apoptosis of HepG2 cells through the activation of PPAR-γ, suppressing the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Such mechanisms may contribute to the favorable effects of treatment using RGZ in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Fu Bo
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Sui
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Xin Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
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Chen YS, Sun ZW, Meng CC, Tang JZ, Li XY, Wang JF, Liu L, Zhang LJ. Molecular pathogenesis and molecular targeted agents for primary liver cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:914-924. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i6.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of primary liver cancer (PLC) is still challenging in China nowadays, and it fundamentally depends on the systematic knowledge of hepatocarcinogenesis. In recent years, the gradual clarification of the molecular pathogenesis of PLC has brought new opportunities and challenges to its treatment. Molecular targeted agents, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, have appeared and developed rapidly since the mechanisms were elucidated. These agents have gradually became a preferred choice of treatment of PLC and represents the future trend. In this paper, we will review the molecular pathogenesis of PLC and the targeted agents.
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