A Silver–Russell-szindróma diagnosztikai lépései és terápiás lehetőségei egy családi halmozódást mutató eset kapcsán

A Silver–Russell-szindróma jellegzetes minor anomáliák mellett (relatív macrocephalia, kiemelkedő homlok, kék sclera, lefelé ívelő szájzug, micrognathia, alacsonyan ülő fülek, illetve arc-, skeletalis és végtagi aszimmetria) súlyos, méhen belüli és születést követő növekedési zavarral jár. Az endokrin rendszert érintő eltérések is kiemelt jelentőségűek. Kialakulásának molekuláris háttere összetett, de a leggyakrabban a 11-es kromoszóma és/vagy a 7-es kromoszóma Silver–Russell-szindróma szempontjából kritikus régióinak érintettsége okozza. A molekuláris géndiagnosztika mellett a Netchine–Harbison-féle klinikai diagnosztikai pontrendszer segíti a diagnózis felállítását. Bár a tünetegyüttes többnyire sporadikus megjelenésű, rendkívül ritka familiáris halmozódást bemutató esetünkben a négy testvérből három gyermeknél Silver–Russell-szindróma került felismerésre. A Silver–Russell-szindróma korai, lehetőleg már újszülöttkori diagnosztizálása kulcsfontosságú a megfelelő táplálásvezetés, a korai fejlesztés, majd a növekedésihormon-kezelés időben történő elkezdése szempontjából. A betegek gondozása és megfelelő utánkövetése kiemelkedő jelentőségű a szindrómához társuló potenciális szövődmények időben történő felismerése és megfelelő kezelése céljából. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(45): 1775–1781.

Cushing-szindrómát okozó gyermekkori mellékvesekéreg-adenoma

Összefoglaló. A gyermekkorban kialakuló Cushing-szindróma ritka betegség, a leggyakrabban exogén szteroidadás következményeként jelentkezik. A daganatos betegségek közül a hypophysis kortikotropint szekretáló adenomája, illetve a mellékvesekéreg-tumorok okoznak a leggyakrabban Cushing-szindrómát. Jelen tanulmányunkban egy Cushing-szindrómával diagnosztizált fiú esetét mutatjuk be. Az endokrinológiai kivizsgálás adrenokortikotropin (ACTH)-independens hypercortisolismust támasztott alá. A hasi MRI-felvételen egy éles határral rendelkező, 3,5 cm nagyságú terime ábrázolódott a jobb mellékvese-régióban. A tumort parciális mellékvese-eltávolítás során távolították el. A szövettani elemzés mellékvesekéreg-adenomát igazolt. A gyermek klinikailag és laborértékei alapján gyógyultnak tekinthető. A Cushing-szindrómával kezelt betegek hosszú távú nyomon követése szükséges, melynek során szükség szerint biztosítani kell a glükokortikoidok és az egyéb szteroidhormonok megfelelő pótlását, a kialakult szövődmények kezelését, és adott esetben időben fel kell ismerni a Cushing-szindróma késői relapsusát is. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(10): 407–412.

Summary. Cushing’s syndrome (CS) in children is a rare disease, most frequently caused by either an adrenal tumor or a corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. Its early detection and effective treatment are highly important to avoid the short- and long-term consequences of hypercortisolism. We report a case of a child with Cushing’s syndrome resulting from an adrenocortical adenoma. Endocrinological data revealed adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) independent hypercortisolism. MRI scan of the adrenal glands showed a single, well-encapsulated tumor on the right adrenal gland with a diameter of 3.5 cm. Adrenal gland sparing surgery was performed with total excision of the tumor. The histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of adrenal adenoma. The child was cured clinically and biochemically. The long-term follow-up of patients treated for Cushing’s syndrome should include the adequate replacement of glucocorticoids and other steroid hormones, treatment of osteoporosis and other pathologic effects of hypercortisolism and long-term screening for the relapse of Cushing’s syndrome. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(10): 407–412.

Szemfenéki angioid csíkok szisztémás betegségekben

Abstract:

Angioid streaks are defined as the special morphological alteration of the fundus; the most common clinical manifestations are irregular, reddish brownish stripes around the optic nerve head or on the posterior pole. On the basis of histological examination, the cause of this phenomenon is the breaks and continuity deficiencies in the thin layer of Bruch membrane caused by the degeneration of elastic fibers. The aim of this study is to present the ocular complication of this rare entity through the description of three cases, and to draw attention to systemic diseases in the background. In our first and third cases, pseudoxanthoma elasticum (Grönblad–Strandberg syndrome) was in the background, while in our second case, hematological disease was confirmed. In our first and second cases, the ocular complication was the choroidal neovascularization, which we treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injection. In our third case, the choroidal rupture was the ocular complication, caused by trauma. Angioid streaks on the fundus may be sub-phenomena of systemic diseases, the detection, differential diagnosis and treatment require interdisciplinary collaboration between associate physicians. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(25): 994–1000.

[Examination of sex chromosome abnormalities in childhood]

INTRODUCTION

Early diagnosis of sex chromosome abnormalities is important because of prevention, family planning and optimal therapy.

AIM

Investigation of the relationship between phenotype, age at time of diagnosis and therapeutic options in sex chromosome aberrations.

METHOD

Processing data of 51 children with sex chromosome abnormalities who were diagnosed between 2009 and 2014 and examined at the 2nd. Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, by the methods of anamnesis, family tree analysis, physical examination, karyotype analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridisation.

RESULTS

41% of the patients were diagnosed with Turner-, 18% with Klinefelter-, 10% with double-Y-, 6% with triple- and poly-X-syndrome, 19% with other gonadal dysgenesis and 6% with other abnormality. The average age at diagnosis: Turner- and Klinefelter-syndrome 10 years, other gonadal dysgenesis 9 years, 46,XX,t(X;10) 17 years, other abnormalities 1-2 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Numerical aberrations of the sex chromosomes are more common than structural aberrations. Klinefelter-, triple- and poly-X-syndromes are underdiagnosed in childhood. Early diagnosis of Turner-syndrome and other gonadal dysgenesis is necessary to optimise therapy and prevent associated diseases. This can be achieved by modern prenatal diagnostic methods and targeted activity of family pediatricians. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(27): 1121-1128.

[Rapid first-tier genetic diagnosis in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome]

INTRODUCTION

According to the international literature, DNA methylation analysis of the promoter region of SNRPN locus is the most efficient way to start genetic investigation in patients with suspected Prader-Willi syndrome.

AIM

Our aim was to develop a simple, reliable first-tier diagnosis to confirm Prader-Willi syndrome, therefore to compare our self-designed simple, cost-efficient high-resolution melting analysis and the most commonly used methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to confirm Prader-Willi syndrome.

METHOD

We studied 17 clinically suspected Prader-Willi syndrome children and their DNA samples. With self-designed primers, bisulfite-sensitive polymerase chain reaction, high-resolution melting analysis and, as a control, methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were performed.

RESULTS

Prader-Willi syndrome was genetically confirmed in 6 out of 17 clinically suspected Prader-Willi syndrome patients. The results of high-resolution melting analysis and methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification were equivalent in each case.

CONCLUSION

Using our self-designed primers and altered bisulfite-specific PCR conditions, high-resolution melting analysis appears to be a simple, fast, reliable and effective method for primarily proving or excluding clinically suspected Prade-Willi syndrome cases. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(2): 64-69.

[The prevalence of SHOX gene deletion in children with idiopathic short stature. A multicentric study]

INTRODUCTION

The isolated haploinsufficiency of the SHOX gene is one of the most common cause of short stature determined by monogenic mutations. The heterozygous deviation of the gene can be detected in 2-15% of patients with idiopathic short stature (ISS), in 50-90% of patients with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis syndrome (LWS), and in almost 100% of patients with Turner syndrome.

AIM

The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of SHOX gene haploinsufficiency in children with ISS, LWS and in patients having Turner syndrome phenotype (TF), but normal karyotype, and to identify the dysmorphic signs characteristic for SHOX gene deficiency.

METHOD

A total of 144 patients were included in the study. Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) method was used to identify the SHOX gene haploinsufficiency. The relationships between clinical data (axiological parameters, skeletal disorders, dysmorphic signs) and genotype were analyzed by statistical methods.

RESULTS

11 (7.6%) of the 144 patients showed SHOX gene deficiency with female dominance (8/11, 81% female). The SHOX positive patients had a significantly higher BMI (in 5/11 vs. 20/133 cases, p<0.02) and presented more frequent dysmorphic signs (9/11vs 62/133, p = 0.02). Madelung deformity of the upper limbs was also significantly more frequent among the SHOX positive patients (4/11, i.e. 36%, vs. 14/133, i.e. 10%, p = 0.0066). There were no statistically significant differences between the mean age, mean height and auxological measurements (sitting height/height, arm span/height) between the two groups of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence of SHOX gene haploinsufficiency observed in our population corresponds to the literature data. In SHOX positive patients, in addition to short stature, the dysmorphic signs have a positive predictive value for SHOX gene alterations. However, the SHOX deletion detected in a patient with idiopathic short stature without dysmorphic signs suggest that SHOX deletion analysis can be recommended in patients with ISS. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(34): 1351-1356.