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Ligetvári R, Szokodi I, Far G, Csöndör É, Móra Á, Komka Z, Tóth M, Oláh A, Ács P. Apelin as a Potential Regulator of Peak Athletic Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098195. [PMID: 37175901 PMCID: PMC10179506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin, as a cardiokine/myokine, is emerging as an important regulator of cardiac and skeletal muscle homeostasis. Loss of apelin signaling results in premature cardiac aging and sarcopenia. However, the contribution of apelin to peak athletic performance remains largely elusive. In this paper, we assessed the impact of maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing on the plasma apelin levels of 58 male professional soccer players. Circulating apelin-13 and apelin-36, on average, increased transiently after a single bout of treadmill exercise; however, apelin responses (Δapelin = peak - baseline values) showed a striking interindividual variability. Baseline apelin-13 levels were inversely correlated with those of Δapelin-13 and Δapelin-36. Δapelin-13 showed a positive correlation with the maximal metabolic equivalent, relative maximal O2 consumption, and peak circulatory power, whereas such an association in the case of Δapelin-36 could not be detected. In conclusion, we observed a pronounced individual-to-individual variation in exercise-induced changes in the plasma levels of apelin-13 and apelin-36. Since changes in plasma apelin-13 levels correlated with the indicators of physical performance, whole-body oxygen consumption and pumping capability of the heart, apelin, as a novel exerkine, may be a determinant of peak athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ligetvári
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Szokodi
- Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Far
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Csöndör
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Móra
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Komka
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian Sports University, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tóth
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian Sports University, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Oláh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pongrác Ács
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Csöndör É, Karvaly G, Ligetvári R, Kovács K, Komka Z, Móra Á, Stromájer-Rácz T, Oláh A, Tóth M, Ács P. Adrenal, Gonadal and Peripherally Steroid Changes in Response to Extreme Physical Stress for Characterizing Load Capacity in Athletes. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020091. [PMID: 35208166 PMCID: PMC8878642 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes are often exposed to extreme physical stress during training or competitions. The consequent activation of the hypothalamus–hypophysis–adrenal (HPA) axis results in intensified steroid hormone production in the adrenal cortex. We determined the impact of an acute extreme physical stress on adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis in healthy male professional athletes (n = 40). The subjects underwent an extreme physical load test until total voluntary fatigue between 14:00 and 18:00 when the hormone levels are relatively stable. Blood was taken before the start (baseline), at the peak load (peak), and 30 min following completion of the exercise (recovery). The vital parameters, lactate levels, and blood levels of the 14 steroid hormones were recorded. The multivariate statistical analysis of the results revealed that all monitored hormone levels increased upon stress. Significant changes in steroid concentrations were detected at peak versus baseline, peak versus recovery, and at baseline versus recovery. The mineralocorticoid (including aldosterone and corticosterone), glucocorticoid (11-deoxycortisol and cortisol), and androgen (androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) pathways, as well as gonadal testosterone synthesis are activated simultaneously under extreme physical load. The profiling of adrenal and gonadal steroid biosynthesis in athletes may help the characterization of their loading capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Csöndör
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (K.K.); (M.T.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary; (R.L.); (Á.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gellért Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (K.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Roland Ligetvári
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary; (R.L.); (Á.M.)
| | - Krisztián Kovács
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (K.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Zsolt Komka
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary;
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Móra
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary; (R.L.); (Á.M.)
| | - Tímea Stromájer-Rácz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary; (T.S.-R.); (A.O.); (P.Á.)
| | - András Oláh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary; (T.S.-R.); (A.O.); (P.Á.)
| | - Miklós Tóth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (K.K.); (M.T.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary; (T.S.-R.); (A.O.); (P.Á.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pongrác Ács
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary; (T.S.-R.); (A.O.); (P.Á.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Ligetvári R, Ács P, Far G, Móra Á, Csöndör É, Komka Z, Szokodi I, Tóth M, Stromájer-Rácz T, Betlehem J, Oláh A. Differential Apelin Responses To Physical Stress In Elite Hungarian Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000682912.40768.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Csöndör É, Ligetvári R, Karvaly G, Far G, Móra Á, Komka Z, Vásárhelyi B, Tóth M, Tóth VM, Stromájer-Rácz T, Betlehem J, Ács P, Oláh A. Circulating Steroid Changes In Response To Extreme Physical Stress In Male Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000676056.34222.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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