Health care system and patient-related factors affecting low cancer screening participation in Poland

The level of participation in cancer screening is low in the Polish population. The aim of this study was to assess the opinions of centers providing cancer screening as to the reasons for the low frequency of cancer screening in Poland and possible methods to increase participation. In July 2020 433 centers in Poland carried out breast and/or cervical cancer screening. Of these, 136 centers decided to participate in the study. The study was conducted using an original questionnaire. The questions were addressed to opinion of centers about: reasons for the low frequency of cancer screening in Poland, methods to increase the frequency of cancer screening, pricing and motivating factors for providing cancer screening. Among opinions as to possible reasons for the low frequency of cancer screening in Poland related to the care-system, lack of encouragement from general practitioners, lack of invitations for cancer screening and lack of proper social advertising were most prevalent; whereas among reasons related to patients, a low awareness of cancer screening and fear of cancer diagnosis. The main methods that could potentially increase screening participation are considered to be the inclusion of cancer screening in mandatory periodic employee examinations, more activity by general practitioners, better promotion of screening by central institutions, and sending personal invitations. In conclude some interventions should be carried out to motivate people to break down barriers.

Middle superficial cerebral vein

The microanatomical study present the anatomy of the middle cerebral vein. On the basis of the anatomical data we distinguished concentric and nonconcentric types of tributaries of the middle superficial cerebral vein. The nonconcentric type prevails.