Pathogenesis of Renal Lesions in Chickens After Experimental Infection With 9a5b Newcastle Disease Virus Mutant Isolate

In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the chicken kidney. Twenty-six 32-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were intranasally inoculated with the 9a5b NDV mutant isolate. Kidney tissue samples, collected at 6 and 12 hours postinoculation (hpi) and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (dpi), were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus titration. Histopathologically, tubulointerstitial nephritis was detected in the renal cortex and predominantly in the medulla. Nephrotropism of 9a5b NDV was confirmed by IHC, RT-PCR, and virus isolation. Massive degenerative changes and infiltration of CD3-immunopositive cells accompanied replication of the 9a5b NDV isolate in chicken kidneys. In conclusion, pathological changes that were caused by NDV in chicken kidneys were similar to those caused by avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian nephritis virus, and this highlights the importance of including NDV in the differential diagnosis of kidney disease in chickens.

The effect of chewing lidocaine soaked gauze on intubation conditions during awake videolaryngoscopy: a randomised controlled trial in the morbidly obese

The increasing utilisation of the videolaryngoscope for awake tracheal intubation requires development and assessment of methods to decrease the gag reflex. We hypothesised that chewing gauze soaked with lidocaine would decrease the gag reflex during awake videolaryngoscope tracheal intubation. Twenty four morbidly obese patients assessed as having a potential difficult tracheal intubation were randomised to chew gauze soaked with 20 ml of 2% lidocaine or saline for 3 minutes. All patients then received 20 ml of aerosolised 2% lidocaine and underwent awake videolaryngoscope assisted tracheal intubation. Gagging scores, heart rate and blood pressure were assessed when best laryngeal view was obtained, when the tracheal tube was positioned at the cords, and when the tube was advanced into the trachea. In addition, serum lidocaine levels were measured. The primary outcome was the gagging score at best laryngeal visualisation, which was compared between groups with a Student's t-test. Gagging scores and hemodynamic parameters did not differ between groups, but the saline group had lower plasma levels of lidocaine after the intubation procedure. When used for awake videolaryngoscope assisted tracheal intubation of the morbidly obese, chewing lidocaine soaked gauze does not decrease the amount of gagging as compared to lidocaine aerosolisation, but does increase the plasma levels of lidocaine.

The correlation of antepartum upper extremity cuff algometry with epidural analgesic requirements for labor

Background:

Individual parturients experience pain differently, and it is unknown how these differences affect their requirements for labor analgesics.

Materials and Methods:

Cuff algometry of the upper limb was used to determine the pain thresholds and temporal summation of pain scores in nulliparous women about to undergo induction of labor. Analgesia was provided, upon request, with a patient controlled epidural analgesia infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl. Nurse-administered epidural boluses of bupivacaine or lidocaine were given for breakthrough pain. Partial Spearman correlations were used to correlate the cuff algometry measurements with the amount of analgesic medication required by the patient.

Results:

There was no significant correlation between any of the algometry measurements and the number of patient or nurse administered bupivacaine boluses. There was a correlation of 0.7 (P = 0.001) between the temporal summation scores and the hourly number of nurse-administered epidural lidocaine boluses; however, this was based on only 3 patients who required lidocaine boluses.

Conclusions:

The use of pre-labor cuff algometry of the upper limb does not correlate with the patient epidural analgesic requirements and subsequent analgesia administration.