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Abstract
The European roadmap to the realization of fusion electricity breaks the quest into eight missions. For each mission, it reviews the current status of research, identifies open issues, and proposes a research and development programme. ITER is the key facility on the roadmap as it is expected to achieve most of the important milestones on the path to fusion power. The Fusion Roadmap is tightly connected to the ITER schedule and the vast majority of resources in fusion research are presently dedicated to ITER and its accompanying experiments. Parallel to the ITER exploitation in the 2030s, the construction of the demonstration power plant DEMO needs to be prepared. DEMO will for the first time supply fusion electricity to the grid and it will have a self-sufficient fuel cycle. The design, construction and operation of DEMO require full involvement of industry to ensure that, after a successful DEMO operation, industry can take responsibility for commercial fusion power. The European fusion roadmap provides a coherent path towards the fusion power plant, and it proposes in an integrated way to find solutions for all challenges that still need to be addressed. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated?'
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Westerhof E, Hoekzema JA, Hogeweij GMD, Jaspers RJE, Schüller FC, Barth CJ, Bindslev H, Bongers WA, Donné AJH, Dumortier P, Van Der Grift AF, Kalupin D, Koslowski HR, Krämer-Flecken A, Kruijt OG, Cardozo NJL, Van Der Meiden HJ, Merkulov A, Messiaen A, Oosterbeek JW, Prins PR, Scholten J, Udintsev VS, Unterberg B, Vervier M, Van Wassenhove G. Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating on TEXTOR. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Westerhof
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - J. A. Hoekzema
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - G. M. D. Hogeweij
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - R. J. E. Jaspers
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - F. C. Schüller
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - C. J. Barth
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - H. Bindslev
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
- Optics and Fluid Dynamics Department, Ass. Euratom-National Laboratory Risø, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - W. A. Bongers
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - A. J. H. Donné
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - P. Dumortier
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. F. Van Der Grift
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - D. Kalupin
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H. R. Koslowski
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A. Krämer-Flecken
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - O. G. Kruijt
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - N. J. Lopes Cardozo
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - H. J. Van Der Meiden
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - A. Merkulov
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - A. Messiaen
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. W. Oosterbeek
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - P. R. Prins
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - J. Scholten
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - V. S. Udintsev
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (〈〉)
| | - B. Unterberg
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Vervier
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Van Wassenhove
- Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Royale Militaire-Koninklijke Militaire School Association EURATOM-Belgian State, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Donné AJH, Fasoli A, Ferron J, Gonçalves B, Jardin S, Miura Y, Noterdaeme JM, Ozeki T. Summary of the International Energy Agency Workshop on Burning Plasma Physics and Simulation. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst06-a1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. H. Donné
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association Euratom-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - A. Fasoli
- CRPP-EPFL, Association Euratom-Swiss Confederation Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Ferron
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | | | - S. Jardin
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Y. Miura
- Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Naka, Japan
| | - J.-M. Noterdaeme
- Max Planck Institute for Plasmaphysics Euratom Association, Garching, Germany and University Gent, EESA Department, Gent, Belgium
| | - T. Ozeki
- Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Naka, Japan
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Donné AJH, de Bock MFM, Classen IGJ, Von Hellermann MG, Jakubowska K, Jaspers R, Barth CJ, Van Der Meiden HJ, Oyevaar T, Van De Pol MJ, Varshney SK, Bertschinger G, Biel W, Busch C, Finken KH, Koslowski HR, KrÄmer-Flecken A, Kreter A, Liang Y, Oosterbeek H, Zimmermann O, Telesca G, Verdoolaege G, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Mazzucato E, Munsat T, Park H, Kantor M, Kouprienko D, Alexeev A, Ohdachi S, Korsholm S, Woskov P, Bindslev H, Meo F, Michelsen PK, Michelsen S, Nielsen SK, Tsakadze E, Shmaenok L. Overview of Core Diagnostics for TEXTOR. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. H. Donné
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - M. F. M. de Bock
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - I. G. J. Classen
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - M. G. Von Hellermann
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - K. Jakubowska
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - R. Jaspers
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - C. J. Barth
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - H. J. Van Der Meiden
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - T. Oyevaar
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - M. J. Van De Pol
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - S. K. Varshney
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - G. Bertschinger
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - W. Biel
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C. Busch
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - K. H. Finken
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H. R. Koslowski
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A. KrÄmer-Flecken
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A. Kreter
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Y. Liang
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H. Oosterbeek
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - O. Zimmermann
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - C. W. Domier
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - N. C. Luhmann
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - E. Mazzucato
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - T. Munsat
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - H. Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - M. Kantor
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D. Kouprienko
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - S. Ohdachi
- National Institute for Fusion Studies, Toki, Japan
| | - S. Korsholm
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - P. Woskov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - F. Meo
- Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark
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Graswinckel MF, Van den Berg MA, Bongers WA, Donné AJH, Goede APH, Lopes Cardozo N, Ronden DMS, Verhoeven AGA. Design of the ITER Upper Port Electron Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive System Based on Remote Steering. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst08-a1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Graswinckel
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - M. A. Van den Berg
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - W. A. Bongers
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - A. J. H. Donné
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - A. P. H. Goede
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - N. Lopes Cardozo
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - D. M. S. Ronden
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - A. G. A. Verhoeven
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. H. Donné
- Association EURATOM-FOM FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - C. J. Barth
- Association EURATOM-FOM FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - H. Weisen
- Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Association EURATOM-Suisse Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- A. I. Kislyakov
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences 194021, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. J. H. Donné
- Association EURATOM-FOM, FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - L. I. Krupnik
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, 310108, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - S. S. Medley
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - M. P. Petrov
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences 194021, St.-Petersburg, Russia
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Konovalov VG, Voitsenya VS, Makhov MN, Ryzhkov IV, Shapoval AN, Solodovchenko SI, Stan AF, Bondarenko VN, Donné AJH, Litnovsky A. Image quality method as a possible way of in situ monitoring of in-vessel mirrors in a fusion reactor. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:093507. [PMID: 27782611 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The plasma-facing (first) mirrors in ITER will be subject to sputtering and/or contamination with rates that will depend on the precise mirror locations. The resulting influence of both these factors can reduce the mirror reflectance (R) and worsen the transmitted image quality (IQ). This implies that monitoring the mirror quality in situ is an actual desire, and the present work is an attempt towards a solution. The method we propose is able to elucidate the reason for degradation of the mirror reflectance: sputtering by charge exchange atoms or deposition of contaminated layers. In case of deposition of contaminants, the mirror can be cleaned in situ, but a rough mirror (due to sputtering) cannot be used anymore and has to be replaced. To demonstrate the feasibility of the IQ method, it was applied to mirror specimens coated with carbon film in laboratory conditions and to mirrors coated with contaminants during exposure in fusion devices (TRIAM-1M and Tore Supra), as well as to mirrors of different materials exposed to sputtering by plasma ions in the DSM-2 plasma stand (in IPP NSC KIPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Konovalov
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - V S Voitsenya
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - M N Makhov
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - I V Ryzhkov
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - A N Shapoval
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - S I Solodovchenko
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - A F Stan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - V N Bondarenko
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - A J H Donné
- EUROfusion, D-85748 Garching, Germany; Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Litnovsky
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung-Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Donné AJH, Cowley S, Jones T, Litaudon X. Risk Mitigation for ITER by a Prolonged and Joint International Operation of JET. J Fusion Energ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10894-015-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Classen IGJ, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Bogomolov AV, Suttrop W, Boom JE, Tobias BJ, Donné AJH. Dual array 3D electron cyclotron emission imaging at ASDEX Upgrade. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11D833. [PMID: 25430246 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a major upgrade, the (2D) electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic (ECEI) at ASDEX Upgrade has been equipped with a second detector array, observing a different toroidal position in the plasma, to enable quasi-3D measurements of the electron temperature. The new system will measure a total of 288 channels, in two 2D arrays, toroidally separated by 40 cm. The two detector arrays observe the plasma through the same vacuum window, both under a slight toroidal angle. The majority of the field lines are observed by both arrays simultaneously, thereby enabling a direct measurement of the 3D properties of plasma instabilities like edge localized mode filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G J Classen
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - C W Domier
- Department of Applied Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - N C Luhmann
- Department of Applied Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - A V Bogomolov
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - W Suttrop
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J E Boom
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - B J Tobias
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - A J H Donné
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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van der Meiden HJ, Lof AR, van den Berg MA, Brons S, Donné AJH, van Eck HJN, Koelman PMJ, Koppers WR, Kruijt OG, Naumenko NN, Oyevaar T, Prins PR, Rapp J, Scholten J, Schram DC, Smeets PHM, van der Star G, Tugarinov SN, Zeijlmans van Emmichoven PA. Advanced Thomson scattering system for high-flux linear plasma generator. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:123505. [PMID: 23277985 DOI: 10.1063/1.4768527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An advanced Thomson scattering system has been built for a linear plasma generator for plasma surface interaction studies. The Thomson scattering system is based on a Nd:YAG laser operating at the second harmonic and a detection branch featuring a high etendue (f/3) transmission grating spectrometer equipped with an intensified charged coupled device camera. The system is able to measure electron density (n(e)) and temperature (T(e)) profiles close to the output of the plasma source and, at a distance of 1.25 m, just in front of a target. The detection system enables to measure 50 spatial channels of about 2 mm each, along a laser chord of 95 mm. By summing a total of 30 laser pulses (0.6 J, 10 Hz), an observational error of 3% in n(e) and 6% in T(e) (at n(e) = 9.4 × 10(18) m(-3)) can be obtained. Single pulse Thomson scattering measurements can be performed with the same accuracy for n(e) > 2.8 × 10(20) m(-3). The minimum measurable density and temperature are n(e) < 1 × 10(17) m(-3) and T(e) < 0.07 eV, respectively. In addition, using the Rayleigh peak, superimposed on the Thomson scattered spectrum, the neutral density (n(0)) of the plasma can be measured with an accuracy of 25% (at n(0) = 1 × 10(20) m(-3)). In this report, the performance of the Thomson scattering system will be shown along with unprecedented accurate Thomson-Rayleigh scattering measurements on a low-temperature argon plasma expansion into a low-pressure background.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J van der Meiden
- FOM Institute DIFFER, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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Yun GS, Park HK, Lee W, Choi MJ, Choe GH, Park S, Bae YS, Lee KD, Yoon SW, Jeon YM, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Tobias B, Donné AJH. Appearance and dynamics of helical flux tubes under electron cyclotron resonance heating in the core of KSTAR plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:145003. [PMID: 23083252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.145003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dual (or sometimes multiple) flux tubes (DFTs) have been observed in the core of sawtoothing KSTAR tokamak plasmas with electron cyclotron resonance heating. The time evolution of the flux tubes visualized by a 2D electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic typically consists of four distinctive phases: (1) growth of one flux tube out of multiple small flux tubes during the initial buildup period following a sawtooth crash, resulting in a single dominant flux tube along the m/n=1/1 helical magnetic field lines, (2) sudden rapid growth of another flux tube via a fast heat transfer from the first one, resulting in approximately identical DFTs, (3) coalescence of the two flux tubes into a single m/n=1/1 flux tube resembling the internal kink mode in the normal sawteeth, which is explained by a model of two current-carrying wires confined on a flux surface, and (4) fast localized crash of the merged flux tube similar to the standard sawtooth crash. The dynamics of the DFTs implies that the internal kink mode is not a unique prerequisite to the sawtooth crash, providing a new insight on the control of the sawtooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Yun
- POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
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Yun G, Lee W, Choi M, Lee J, Choe G, Park H, Domier C, Luhmann N, Donné AJH, Lee J, Park S, Joung M, Bae Y, Jeon Y, Yoon S. Visualization of core and edge MHD instabilities in 2D using ECEI. EPJ Web of Conferences 2012. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20123203002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Yun GS, Lee W, Choi MJ, Lee J, Park HK, Tobias B, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Donné AJH, Lee JH. Two-dimensional visualization of growth and burst of the edge-localized filaments in KSTAR H-mode plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:045004. [PMID: 21867016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.045004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The filamentary nature and dynamics of edge-localized modes (ELMs) in the KSTAR high-confinement mode plasmas have been visualized in 2D via electron cyclotron emission imaging. The ELM filaments rotating with a net poloidal velocity are observed to evolve in three distinctive stages: initial linear growth, interim quasisteady state, and final crash. The crash is initiated by a narrow fingerlike perturbation growing radially from a poloidally elongated filament. The filament bursts through this finger, leading to fast and collective heat convection from the edge region into the scrape-off layer, i.e., ELM crash.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Yun
- POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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15
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Bongers WA, van Beveren V, Thoen DJ, Nuij PJWM, de Baar MR, Donné AJH, Westerhof E, Goede APH, Krijger B, van den Berg MA, Kantor M, Graswinckel MF, Hennen BA, Schüller FC. Intermediate frequency band digitized high dynamic range radiometer system for plasma diagnostics and real-time Tokamak control. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:063508. [PMID: 21721692 DOI: 10.1063/1.3594101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An intermediate frequency (IF) band digitizing radiometer system in the 100-200 GHz frequency range has been developed for Tokamak diagnostics and control, and other fields of research which require a high flexibility in frequency resolution combined with a large bandwidth and the retrieval of the full wave information of the mm-wave signals under investigation. The system is based on directly digitizing the IF band after down conversion. The enabling technology consists of a fast multi-giga sample analog to digital converter that has recently become available. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are implemented to accomplish versatile real-time data analysis. A prototype system has been developed and tested and its performance has been compared with conventional electron cyclotron emission (ECE) spectrometer systems. On the TEXTOR Tokamak a proof of principle shows that ECE, together with high power injected and scattered radiation, becomes amenable to measurement by this device. In particular, its capability to measure the phase of coherent signals in the spectrum offers important advantages in diagnostics and control. One case developed in detail employs the FPGA in real-time fast Fourier transform (FFT) and additional signal processing. The major benefit of such a FFT-based system is the real-time trade-off that can be made between frequency and time resolution. For ECE diagnostics this corresponds to a flexible spatial resolution in the plasma, with potential application in smart sensing of plasma instabilities such as the neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) and sawtooth instabilities. The flexible resolution would allow for the measurement of the full mode content of plasma instabilities contained within the system bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bongers
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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16
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Classen IGJ, Boom JE, Suttrop W, Schmid E, Tobias B, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Donné AJH, Jaspers RJE, de Vries PC, Park HK, Munsat T, García-Muñoz M, Schneider PA. 2D electron cyclotron emission imaging at ASDEX Upgrade (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10D929. [PMID: 21033957 DOI: 10.1063/1.3483214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The newly installed electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic on ASDEX Upgrade provides measurements of the 2D electron temperature dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution. An overview of the technical and experimental properties of the system is presented. These properties are illustrated by the measurements of the edge localized mode and the reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode, showing both the advantage of having a two-dimensional (2D) measurement, as well as some of the limitations of electron cyclotron emission measurements. Furthermore, the application of singular value decomposition as a powerful tool for analyzing and filtering 2D data is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G J Classen
- Max Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Yun GS, Lee W, Choi MJ, Kim JB, Park HK, Domier CW, Tobias B, Liang T, Kong X, Luhmann NC, Donné AJH. Development of KSTAR ECE imaging system for measurement of temperature fluctuations and edge density fluctuations. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10D930. [PMID: 21033958 DOI: 10.1063/1.3483209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ECE imaging (ECEI) diagnostic tested on the TEXTOR tokamak revealed the sawtooth reconnection physics in unprecedented detail, including the first observation of high-field-side crash and collective heat transport [H. K. Park, N. C. Luhmann, Jr., A. J. H. Donné et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 195003 (2006)]. An improved ECEI system capable of visualizing both high- and low-field sides simultaneously with considerably better spatial coverage has been developed for the KSTAR tokamak in order to capture the full picture of core MHD dynamics. Direct 2D imaging of other MHD phenomena such as tearing modes, edge localized modes, and even Alfvén eigenmodes is expected to be feasible. Use of ECE images of the optically thin edge region to recover 2D electron density changes during L/H mode transitions is also envisioned, providing powerful information about the underlying physics. The influence of density fluctuations on optically thin ECE is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Yun
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyungbuk 790-784, South Korea.
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Tobias B, Domier CW, Liang T, Kong X, Yu L, Yun GS, Park HK, Classen IGJ, Boom JE, Donné AJH, Munsat T, Nazikian R, Van Zeeland M, Boivin RL, Luhmann NC. Commissioning of electron cyclotron emission imaging instrument on the DIII-D tokamak and first data. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10D928. [PMID: 21033956 DOI: 10.1063/1.3460456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic has been commissioned on the DIII-D tokamak. Dual detector arrays provide simultaneous two-dimensional images of T(e) fluctuations over radially distinct and reconfigurable regions, each with both vertical and radial zoom capability. A total of 320 (20 vertical×16 radial) channels are available. First data from this diagnostic demonstrate the acquisition of coherent electron temperature fluctuations as low as 0.1% with excellent clarity and spatial resolution. Details of the diagnostic features and capabilities are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tobias
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Tobias B, Kong X, Liang T, Spear A, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Classen IGJ, Boom JE, van de Pol MJ, Jaspers R, Donné AJH, Park HK, Munsat T. Advancements in electron cyclotron emission imaging demonstrated by the TEXTOR ECEI diagnostic upgrade. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:093502. [PMID: 19791937 DOI: 10.1063/1.3233913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new TEXTOR electron cyclotron emission imaging system has been developed and employed, providing a diagnostic with new features and enhanced capabilities when compared to the legacy system it replaces. Optical coupling to the plasma has been completely redesigned, making use of new minilens arrays for reduced optical aberration and providing the new feature of vertical zoom, whereby the vertical coverage is now remotely adjustable on a shot-by-shot basis from 20-35 cm. Other innovations, such as the implementation of stacked quasioptical planar notch filters, allow for the diagnostic to be operated without interruption or degradation in performance during electron cyclotron resonance heating. Successful commissioning of the new diagnostic and a demonstration of the improved capabilities are presented in this paper, along with a discussion of the new technologies employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tobias
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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20
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Zhang P, Domier CW, Liang T, Kong X, Tobias B, Shen Z, Luhmann NC, Park H, Classen IGJ, van de Pol MJ, Donné AJH, Jaspers R. The next generation of electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostics (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10F103. [PMID: 19044590 DOI: 10.1063/1.2967342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A 128 channel two-dimensional electron cyclotron emission imaging system collects time-resolved 16x8 images of T(e) profiles and fluctuations on the TEXTOR tokamak. Electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) is undergoing significant changes which promise to revolutionize and extend its capabilities far beyond what has been achieved to date. These include the development of a minilens array configuration with increased sensitivity antennas, a new local oscillator pumping scheme, enhanced electron cyclotron resonance heating shielding, and a highly flexible optical design with vertical zoom capability. Horizontal zoom and spot size (rf bandwidth) capabilities are also being developed with new ECEI electronics. An interface module is under development to remotely control all key features of the new ECEI instrument, many of which can be changed during a plasma discharge for maximum flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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21
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van der Meiden HJ, Al RS, Barth CJ, Donné AJH, Engeln R, Goedheer WJ, de Groot B, Kleyn AW, Koppers WR, Lopes Cardozo NJ, van de Pol MJ, Prins PR, Schram DC, Shumack AE, Smeets PHM, Vijvers WAJ, Westerhout J, Wright GM, van Rooij GJ. High sensitivity imaging Thomson scattering for low temperature plasma. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:013505. [PMID: 18248032 DOI: 10.1063/1.2832333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive imaging Thomson scattering system was developed for low temperature (0.1-10 eV) plasma applications at the Pilot-PSI linear plasma generator. The essential parts of the diagnostic are a neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser operating at the second harmonic (532 nm), a laser beam line with a unique stray light suppression system and a detection branch consisting of a Littrow spectrometer equipped with an efficient detector based on a "Generation III" image intensifier combined with an intensified charged coupled device camera. The system is capable of measuring electron density and temperature profiles of a plasma column of 30 mm in diameter with a spatial resolution of 0.6 mm and an observational error of 3% in the electron density (n(e)) and 6% in the electron temperature (T(e)) at n(e) = 4 x 10(19) m(-3). This is achievable at an accumulated laser input energy of 11 J (from 30 laser pulses at 10 Hz repetition frequency). The stray light contribution is below 9 x 10(17) m(-3) in electron density equivalents by the application of a unique stray light suppression system. The amount of laser energy that is required for a n(e) and T(e) measurement is 7 x 10(20)n(e) J, which means that single shot measurements are possible for n(e)>2 x 10(21) m(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- H J van der Meiden
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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22
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Medley SS, Donné AJH, Kaita R, Kislyakov AI, Petrov MP, Roquemore AL. Contemporary instrumentation and application of charge exchange neutral particle diagnostics in magnetic fusion energy experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:011101. [PMID: 18248015 DOI: 10.1063/1.2823259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the developments postcirca 1980s in the instrumentation and application of charge exchange neutral particle diagnostics on magnetic fusion energy experiments is presented. First, spectrometers that employ only electric fields and hence provide ion energy resolution but not mass resolution are discussed. Next, spectrometers that use various geometrical combinations of both electric and magnetic fields to provide both energy and mass resolutions are reviewed. Finally, neutral particle diagnostics based on utilization of time-of-flight techniques are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Medley
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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Classen IGJ, Westerhof E, Domier CW, Donné AJH, Jaspers RJE, Luhmann NC, Park HK, van de Pol MJ, Spakman GW, Jakubowski MW. Effect of heating on the suppression of tearing modes in tokamaks. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:035001. [PMID: 17358689 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.035001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The suppression of (neoclassical) tearing modes is of great importance for the success of future fusion reactors like ITER. Electron cyclotron waves can suppress islands, both by driving noninductive current in the island region and by heating the island, causing a perturbation to the Ohmic plasma current. This Letter reports on experiments on the TEXTOR tokamak, investigating the effect of heating, which is usually neglected. The unique set of tools available on TEXTOR, notably the dynamic ergodic divertor to create islands with a fully known driving term, and the electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic to provide detailed 2D electron temperature information, enables a detailed study of the suppression process and a comparison with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G J Classen
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Park HK, Luhmann NC, Donné AJH, Classen IGJ, Domier CW, Mazzucato E, Munsat T, van de Pol MJ, Xia Z. Observation of high-field-side crash and heat transfer during sawtooth oscillation in magnetically confined plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:195003. [PMID: 16803107 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.195003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High resolution (temporal and spatial), two-dimensional images of electron temperature fluctuations during sawtooth oscillations were employed to study the crash process and heat transfer in magnetically confined toroidal plasmas. The combination of kink and local pressure driven instabilities leads to a small poloidally localized puncture in the magnetic surface at both the low and the high field sides of the poloidal plane. This observation closely resembles the "fingering event" of the ballooning mode model with the high- mode only predicted at the low field side.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Park HK, Donné AJH, Luhmann NC, Classen IGJ, Domier CW, Mazzucato E, Munsat T, van de Pol MJ, Xia Z. Comparison study of 2D images of temperature fluctuations during sawtooth oscillation with theoretical models. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:195004. [PMID: 16803108 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.195004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High temporal and spatial resolution two-dimensional (2D) images of electron temperature fluctuations were employed to study the sawtooth oscillation in the Toroidal Experiment for Technically Oriented Research tokamak plasmas. The 2D images are directly compared with the expected 2D patterns of the plasma pressure (or electron temperature) from various theoretical models. The observed experimental 2D images are only partially in agreement with the expected patterns from each model: The image of the initial reconnection process is similar to that of the ballooning mode model. The intermediate and final stages of the reconnection process resemble those of the full reconnection model. The time evolution of the images of the hot spot or island is partially consistent to those from the full reconnection model but is not consistent with those from the quasi-interchange model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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26
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Donné AJH, van Gorkom JC, Udintsev VS, Domier CW, Krämer-Flecken A, Luhmann NC, Schüller FC. Evidence for high-m secondary islands induced by large low-m islands in a tokamak plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:085001. [PMID: 15783898 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale structures with high poloidal mode numbers (m=10-20) have been observed in the TEXTOR tokamak plasma with pulsed radar reflectometry and an electron cyclotron emission diagnostic, in conjunction with large 2/1 and 1/1 islands. The small islands have a peaked density profile, similar to that of the simultaneously observed large-scale 2/1 islands. This together with the observation that high-frequency density and temperature fluctuations are very pronounced near the X points of the large islands hints to a strongly perturbed magnetic topology around the X points.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J H Donné
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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27
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Finken KH, Abdullaev SS, de Bock MFM, von Hellermann M, Jakubowski M, Jaspers R, Koslowski HR, Krämer-Flecken A, Lehnen M, Liang Y, Nicolai A, Wolf RC, Zimmermann O, de Baar M, Bertschinger G, Biel W, Brezinsek S, Busch C, Donné AJH, Esser HG, Farshi E, Gerhauser H, Giesen B, Harting D, Hoekzema JA, Hogeweij GMD, Hüttemann PW, Jachmich S, Jakubowska K, Kalupin D, Kelly F, Kikuchi Y, Kirschner A, Koch R, Korten M, Kreter A, Krom J, Kruezi U, Lazaros A, Litnovsky A, Loozen X, Lopes Cardozo NJ, Lyssoivan A, Marchuk O, Matsunaga G, Mertens P, Messiaen A, Neubauer O, Noda N, Philipps V, Pospieszczyk A, Reiser D, Reiter D, Rogister AL, Sakamoto M, Savtchkov A, Samm U, Schmitz O, Schorn RP, Schweer B, Schüller FC, Sergienko G, Spatschek KH, Telesca G, Tokar M, Uhlemann R, Unterberg B, Van Oost G, Van Rompuy T, Van Wassenhove G, Westerhof E, Weynants R, Wiesen S, Xu YH. Toroidal plasma rotation induced by the dynamic ergodic divertor in the TEXTOR tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:015003. [PMID: 15698091 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The first results of the Dynamic Ergodic Divertor in TEXTOR, when operating in the m/n=3/1 mode configuration, are presented. The deeply penetrating external magnetic field perturbation of this configuration increases the toroidal plasma rotation. Staying below the excitation threshold for the m/n=2/1 tearing mode, this toroidal rotation is always in the direction of the plasma current, even if the toroidal projection of the rotating magnetic field perturbation is in the opposite direction. The observed toroidal rotation direction is consistent with a radial electric field, generated by an enhanced electron transport in the ergodic layers near the resonances of the perturbation. This is an effect different from theoretical predictions, which assume a direct coupling between rotating perturbation and plasma to be the dominant effect of momentum transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Finken
- Trilateral Euregio Cluster: Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, EURATOM Association, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Barth
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, P.O.Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, , Tel.: 31-30-6096999; Fax: 31-30-6031204, E-mail: and
| | - A. J. H. Donné
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Association EURATOM-FOM, P.O.Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, , Tel.: 31-30-6096999; Fax: 31-30-6031204, E-mail: and
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