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Huss AR, Jones CK, Stark CR, Fleming SA, Dilger RN, Jendza JA. Sodium buffered formic acid concentration and feed pH is stable over a 3-month period. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab085. [PMID: 34222824 PMCID: PMC8246071 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting feed hygiene with organic acids is an effective method to prevent foodborne illnesses from bacterial infection. The stability and acidification of mash and pelleted feed with sodium buffered formic acid was investigated. The acid product was incorporated to reach total formate inclusion levels of 0, 6, or 12 g/kg for swine nursery feed; 0, 4, or 9 g/kg for swine finishing feed; and 0, 3, or 6 g/kg for broiler grower feed. Samples were analyzed for total formate and pH on d 4, 32, 60, or 88 post-manufacturing. The concentration of formate remained stable across an 88-d period (P < 0.01). Treatment with the formic acid product decreased feed pH with increasing inclusion levels (all P < 0.01). Within each inclusion level of acid and across time, pH tended to increase in pelleted feed and decrease in mash feeds (all P < 0.01); however, these changes were small (0.1 units pH). These data suggest that sodium buffered formic acid can be applied to both mash and pelleted feed to provide continuous acidification over a 3-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Huss
- Department of Grain Science & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - C K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - C R Stark
- Department of Grain Science & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - R N Dilger
- Traverse Science, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Cochrane RA, Schumacher LL, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, Huss AR, Stark CR, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Bia J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Derscheid RJ, Magstadt DR, Main RG, Jones CK. Effect of pelleting on survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-contaminated feed. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1170-1178. [PMID: 28380543 PMCID: PMC7199664 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a heat-sensitive virus that has devastated the U.S. swine industry. Because of its heat sensitivity, we hypothesized that a steam conditioner and pellet mill mimicking traditional commercial thermal processing may mitigate PEDV infectivity. Pelleting, a common feed processing method, includes the use of steam and shear forces, resulting in increased temperature of the processed feed. Two thermal processing experiments were designed to determine if different pellet mill conditioner retention times and temperatures would impact PEDV quantity and infectivity by analysis of quantitative reverse transcription PCR and bioassay. In Exp. 1, a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial design was used with 3 pelleting temperatures (68.3, 79.4, and 90.6°C), 3 conditioning times (45, 90, or 180 s), and 2 doses of viral inoculation (low, 1 × 10 tissue culture infectious dose (the concentration used to see cytopathic effect in 50% of the cells)/g, or high, 1 × 10 tissue culture infectious dose/g). Noninoculated and PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash were used as controls. The low-dose PEDV-infected mash had 6.8 ± 1.8 cycle threshold (Ct) greater ( < 0.05) PEDV than the high-dose mash. Regardless of time or temperature, pelleting reduced ( < 0.05) the quantity of detectable viral PEDV RNA compared with the PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash. Fecal swabs from pigs inoculated with the PEDV-positive unprocessed mash, regardless of dose, were clinically PEDV positive from 2 to 7 d (end of the trial) after inoculation. However, if either PEDV dose of inoculated feed was pelleted at any of the 9 tested conditioning time × temperature combinations, no PEDV RNA was detected in fecal swabs or cecum content. Based on Exp. 1 results, a second experiment was developed to determine the impact of lower processing temperatures on PEDV quantity and infectivity. In Exp. 2, PEDV-inoculated feed was pelleted at 1 of 5 conditioning temperatures (37.8, 46.1, 54.4, 62.8, and 71.1°C) for 30 s. The 5 increasing processing temperatures led to feed with respective mean Ct values of 32.5, 34.6, 37.0, 36.5, and 36.7, respectively. All samples had detectable PEDV RNA. However, infectivity was detected by bioassay only in pigs from the 37.8 and 46.1°C conditioning temperatures. Experiment 2 results suggest conditioning and pelleting temperatures above 54.4°C could be effective in reducing the quantity and infectivity of PEDV in swine feed. However, additional research is needed to prevent subsequent recontamination after pelleting as it is a point-in-time mitigation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Cochrane
- Department of Grain Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - L. L. Schumacher
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - S. S. Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. C. Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - A. R. Huss
- Department of Grain Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - C. R. Stark
- Department of Grain Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. M. DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - M. D. Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - R. D. Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. Bia
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Q. Chen
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J. Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - P. C. Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - R. J. Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - D. R. Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - R. G. Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - C. K. Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
- Corresponding author:
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Cochrane RA, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, Huss AR, Stark CR, Saensukjaroenphon M, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Bai JF, Chen Q, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Derscheid RJ, Main RG, Jones CK. 196 Assessing the effects of medium chain fatty acids and fat sources on PEDV RNA stability and infectivity. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Muckey M, Yoder AD, Cochrane RA, Huss AR, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, Jones CK. 256 Evaluating the roles of surface sanitation and feed sequencing on mitigating Salmonella enteritidis contamination on animal food manufacturing equipment. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasmw.2017.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cochrane RA, Schumacher LL, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, Huss AR, Stark CR, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Bia J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Derscheid RJ, Magstadt DR, Main RG, Jones CK. Effect of pelleting on survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus–contaminated feed. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2016.0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Schumacher LL, Cochrane RA, Evans CE, Kalivoda JR, Woodworth JC, Huss AR, Stark CR, Jones CK, Chen Q, Main R, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Dritz SS, Tokach MD. 164 Evaluating the effect of manufacturing porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-contaminated feed on subsequent feed mill environmental surface contamination. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Muckey MB, Huss AR, Jones CK. 168 The evaluation of liquid disinfectants to reduce Salmonella contamination on animal food manufacturing surfaces. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Schumacher LL, Cochrane RA, Woodworth JC, Huss AR, Stark CR, Jones CK, Chen Q, Main R, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Dritz SS, Tokach MD. 163 Utilizing feed sequencing to decrease the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cross-contamination during feed manufacturing. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jeffrey AM, Aldrich GC, Huss AR, Knueven CJ, Jones CK. 242 Effect of a dry acidulant coating on the palatability of dry extruded dog food. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Huss AR, Schumacher LL, Cochrane RA, Poulsen E, Bai JF, Woodworth JC, Dritz SS, Stark CR, Jones CK. 217 Proof-of-concept method to sanitize a feed mill contaminated with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Huss AR, Deliephan A, Fuller JC, Jones CK. 216 Coating dog kibble with a commercial liquid acidifier reduces the risk of Salmonella cross-contamination. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cochrane RA, Saensukjaroenphon M, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, Huss AR, Stark CR, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Bai JF, Chen Q, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Main R, Jones CK. 107 Evaluating the inclusion level of medium chain fatty acids to reduce the risk of PEDV in feed and spray-dried animal plasma. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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