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Ruiz-Muñoz A, Siles JA, Márquez P, Toledo M, Gutiérrez MC, Martín MA. Odor emission assessment of different WWTPs with Extended Aeration Activated Sludge and Rotating Biological Contactor technologies in the province of Cordoba (Spain). J Environ Manage 2023; 326:116741. [PMID: 36399884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, five urban WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plant) with different biological treatment (Extended Aeration Activated Sludge - EAAS; Rotating Biological Contactor - RBC), wastewater type (Urban; Industrial) and size, were jointly evaluated. The aim was twofold: (1) to analyze and compare their odor emissions, and (2) to identify the main causes of its generation from the relationships between physico-chemical, respirometric and olfactometric variables. The results showed that facilities with EAAS technology were more efficient than RBC, with elimination yields of organic matter higher than 90%. In olfactometric terms, sludge managements facilities (SMFs) were found to be the critical odor source in all WWTPs compared to the Inlet point (I) or Post primary treatment (PP), and for seasonal periods with ambient temperature higher than 25 °C. Moreover, the global odor emissions quantified in all SMFs revealed that facilities with EAAS (C-WWTP, V-WWTP and Z-WWTP) had a lower odor contribution (19,345, 14,800 and 11,029 ouE/s·m2, respectively) than for those with RBC technology (P-WWTP and NC-WWTP) which accounted for 19,747 ouE/s·m2 and 80,061 ouE/s·m2, respectively. In addition, chemometric analysis helped to find groupings and differences between the WWTPs considering the wastewater (71.27% of total variance explained) and sludge management (64.52% of total variance explained) lines independently. Finally, odor emissions were adequately predicted from the physico-chemical and respirometric variables in the wastewater (r2 = 0.8738) and sludge (r2 = 0.9373) lines, being pH, volatile acidity and temperature (wastewater line), and pH, moisture, temperature, SOUR (Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate) and OD20 (Cumulative Oxygen Demand at 20 h) (sludge line) the most influential variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-Muñoz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J A Siles
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P Márquez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Toledo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M C Gutiérrez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M A Martín
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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Guala A, Teixido-Tura G, Dux-Santoy L, Granato C, Ruiz-Muñoz A, Valente F, Galian-Gay L, Gutiérrez L, González-Alujas T, Johnson KM, Wieben O, Sao Avilés A, Evangelista A, Rodriguez-Palomares J. Decreased rotational flow and circumferential wall shear stress as early markers of descending aorta dilation in Marfan syndrome: a 4D flow CMR study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2019; 21:63. [PMID: 31607265 PMCID: PMC6791020 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-019-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diseases of the descending aorta have emerged as a clinical issue in Marfan syndrome following improvements in proximal aorta surgical treatment and the consequent increase in life expectancy. Although a role for hemodynamic alterations in the etiology of descending aorta disease in Marfan patients has been suggested, whether flow characteristics may be useful as early markers remains to be determined. METHODS Seventy-five Marfan patients and 48 healthy subjects were prospectively enrolled. In- and through-plane vortexes were computed by 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in the thoracic aorta through the quantification of in-plane rotational flow and systolic flow reversal ratio, respectively. Regional pulse wave velocity and axial and circumferential wall shear stress maps were also computed. RESULTS In-plane rotational flow and circumferential wall shear stress were reduced in Marfan patients in the distal ascending aorta and in proximal descending aorta, even in the 20 patients free of aortic dilation. Multivariate analysis showed reduced in-plane rotational flow to be independently related to descending aorta pulse wave velocity. Conversely, systolic flow reversal ratio and axial wall shear stress were altered in unselected Marfan patients but not in the subgroup without dilation. In multivariate regression analysis proximal descending aorta axial (p = 0.014) and circumferential (p = 0.034) wall shear stress were independently related to local diameter. CONCLUSIONS Reduced rotational flow is present in the aorta of Marfan patients even in the absence of dilation, is related to aortic stiffness and drives abnormal circumferential wall shear stress. Axial and circumferential wall shear stress are independently related to proximal descending aorta dilation beyond clinical factors. In-plane rotational flow and circumferential wall shear stress may be considered as an early marker of descending aorta dilation in Marfan patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Guala
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Teixido-Tura
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Dux-Santoy
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Granato
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Ruiz-Muñoz
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Valente
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Galian-Gay
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Gutiérrez
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T. González-Alujas
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - K. M. Johnson
- Departments of Medical Physics & Radiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - O. Wieben
- Departments of Medical Physics & Radiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - A. Sao Avilés
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Evangelista
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Rodriguez-Palomares
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Department of Cardiology. CIBER-CV. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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