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Bagni T, Bovone G, Rack A, Mauro D, Barth C, Matera D, Buta F, Senatore C. Machine learning applied to X-ray tomography as a new tool to analyze the voids in RRP Nb 3Sn wires. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7767. [PMID: 33833396 PMCID: PMC8032674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electro-mechanical and electro-thermal properties of high-performance Restacked-Rod-Process (RRP) Nb3Sn wires are key factors in the realization of compact magnets above 15 T for the future particle physics experiments. Combining X-ray micro-tomography with unsupervised machine learning algorithm, we provide a new tool capable to study the internal features of RRP wires and unlock different approaches to enhance their performances. Such tool is ideal to characterize the distribution and morphology of the voids that are generated during the heat treatment necessary to form the Nb3Sn superconducting phase. Two different types of voids can be detected in this type of wires: one inside the copper matrix and the other inside the Nb3Sn sub-elements. The former type can be related to Sn leaking from sub-elements to the copper matrix which leads to poor electro-thermal stability of the whole wire. The second type is detrimental for the electro-mechanical performance of the wires as superconducting wires experience large electromagnetic stresses in high field and high current conditions. We analyze these aspects thoroughly and discuss the potential of the X-ray tomography analysis tool to help modeling and predicting electro-mechanical and electro-thermal behavior of RRP wires and optimize their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bagni
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - G Bovone
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - D Mauro
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Barth
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D Matera
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Buta
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Senatore
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Escauriza EM, Duarte JP, Chapman DJ, Rutherford ME, Farbaniec L, Jonsson JC, Smith LC, Olbinado MP, Skidmore J, Foster P, Ringrose T, Rack A, Eakins DE. Collapse dynamics of spherical cavities in a solid under shock loading. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8455. [PMID: 32439927 PMCID: PMC7242352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraordinary states of highly localised pressure and temperature can be generated upon the collapse of impulsively driven cavities. Direct observation of this phenomenon in solids has proved challenging, but recent advances in high-speed synchrotron radiography now permit the study of highly transient, subsurface events in real time. We present a study on the shock-induced collapse of spherical cavities in a solid polymethyl methacrylate medium, driven to shock states between 0.49 and 16.60 GPa. Utilising multi-MHz phase contrast radiography, extended sequences of the collapse process have been captured, revealing new details of interface motion, material failure and jet instability formation. Results reveal a rich array of collapse characteristics dominated by strength effects at low shock pressures and leading to a hydrodynamic response at the highest loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Escauriza
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, F-38043, Grenoble, France.
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, UK.
| | - J P Duarte
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - D J Chapman
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - M E Rutherford
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - L Farbaniec
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - J C Jonsson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - L C Smith
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - M P Olbinado
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - J Skidmore
- First Light Fusion Ltd., Yarnton, Kidlington, OX5 1QU, UK
| | - P Foster
- First Light Fusion Ltd., Yarnton, Kidlington, OX5 1QU, UK
| | - T Ringrose
- First Light Fusion Ltd., Yarnton, Kidlington, OX5 1QU, UK
| | - A Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - D E Eakins
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, UK
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Soares AP, Bitter K, Lagrange A, Rack A, Shemesh H, Zaslansky P. Gaps at the interface between dentine and self‐adhesive resin cement in post‐endodontic restorations quantified in 3D by phase contrast‐enhanced micro‐CT. Int Endod J 2019; 53:392-402. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Soares
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin CharitéCentrum 3 Berlin Germany
| | - K. Bitter
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin CharitéCentrum 3 Berlin Germany
| | - A. Lagrange
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin CharitéCentrum 3 Berlin Germany
| | - A. Rack
- ESRF-The European Synch Grenoble France
| | - H. Shemesh
- Department of Endodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - P. Zaslansky
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin CharitéCentrum 3 Berlin Germany
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Ohser J, Lacayo-Pineda J, Putman M, Rack A, Dobrovolskij D. Estimation of filler macro-dispersion in rubber matrix by radiometric stereo microscopy. J Microsc 2019; 274:32-44. [PMID: 30701553 PMCID: PMC6849864 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new microscopic principle based on radiometric stereo microscopy is presented, which is designed for investigating macro‐dispersion of filler in rubber. The image acquisition is combined with a stereological method of estimating the volume‐weighted size distribution of the filler particles. Experimental results for carbon black filler in rubber obtained by radiometric stereo microscopy are compared with those from microtomography using synchrotron radiation, and, furthermore, a simulation study is used for evaluation. It turns out that using the new three‐dimensional microscopic method, the size distribution of the filler particles can be estimated from fresh cuts of rubber with high accuracy, and thus it is an interesting alternative to well‐established dark field microscopy. Lay Description Macro‐dispersion of globular filler particles in a rubber matrix is an important quantity that depends on manufacturing parameters and influences various rubber properties. Therefore, it must be carefully adjusted during the incorporation process and investigated by industrial quality control (ASTM D7723‐18). Quality control is usually based on freshly made planar sections so‐called fresh cuts through rubber specimen. After stress retention of the rubber one obtains a rough cutting surface in which the filler particles appear as imprints or bumps, called nodges. These nodges can be made visible by classical light microscopy under dark field (DFM) illumination. The systems disperGRADER+ or the disperGRADER Alpha View were specifically designed for rubber inspection. However, it has proved to be very difficult estimating the size distribution of the filler particles from the observed white spots in the DFM image. In any case it is still necessary to compute the size distribution of the filler particles from an estimated size distribution of the section profiles. The latter is numerically unstable, i.e. small errors of the estimated size distribution of the section profiles lead to large errors of the computed filler size distribution. Applying DFM combined with filler dispersion estimation as described in ASTM D7723‐18 appears to be a fingerprint method only. For this reason, the new microscope nSPEC 3D was applied for rubber inspection. The principle used for surface imaging is based on radiometric stereo allowing for perfect three‐dimensional reconstruction of curved surfaces of fresh cuts. From this reconstruction it is possible to measure the height of particle nodges as well as their volumes. Furthermore, we present a new stereological method for estimating the filler size distribution from samples of the height and the volume of the nodges. Finally, microtomography with synchrotron radiation and computer simulation are applied to evaluate accuracy of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ohser
- University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - M Putman
- Nanotronics, 63 Flushing Avenue, Unit 241, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, Grenoble, France
| | - D Dobrovolskij
- University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany.,Fraunhofer ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz 1, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Theocharous SP, Bland SN, Yanuka D, Rososhek A, Olbinado MP, Rack A, Krasik YE. Use of synchrotron-based radiography to diagnose pulsed power driven wire explosion experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:013504. [PMID: 30709224 DOI: 10.1063/1.5055949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the first use of synchrotron radiation to probe pulsed power driven high energy density physics experiments. Multi-frame x-ray radiography with interframe spacing of 704 ns and temporal resolution of <100 ps was used to diagnose the electrical explosion of different wire configurations in water including single copper and tungsten wires, parallel copper wire pairs, and copper x-pinches. Such experiments are of great interest to a variety of areas including equation of state studies and high pressure materials research, but the optical diagnostics that are usually employed in these experiments are unable to probe the areas behind the shock wave generated in the water, as well as the internal structure of the exploding material. The x-ray radiography presented here, performed at beamline ID19 at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), was able to image both sides of the shock to a resolution of up to 8 μm, and phase contrast imaging allowed fine details of the wire structure during the current driven explosion and the shock waves to be clearly observed. These results demonstrate the feasibility of pulsed power operated in conjunction with synchrotron facilities, as well as an effective technique in the study of shock waves and wire explosion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Theocharous
- Plasma Physics Group, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - S N Bland
- Plasma Physics Group, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - D Yanuka
- Plasma Physics Group, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - A Rososhek
- Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - M P Olbinado
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ya E Krasik
- Physics Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Stock S, Seto J, Deymier A, Rack A, Veis A. Growth of second stage mineral in Lytechinus variegatus. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:345-355. [PMID: 29083939 PMCID: PMC6252257 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1391233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose and Aims: Sea urchin teeth consist of calcite and form in two stages with different magnesium contents. The first stage structures of independently formed plates and needle-prisms define the shape of the tooth, and the columns of the second stage mineral cements the first stage structures together and control the fracture behavior of the mature tooth. This study investigates the nucleation and growth of the second stage mineral. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and synchrotron microComputed Tomography characterized the structures of the second phase material found in developing of Lytechinus variegatus teeth. RESULTS Although the column development is a continuous process, defining four phases of column formation captures the changes that occur in teeth of L. variegatus. The earliest phase consists of small 1-2 µm diameter hemispheres, and the second of 5-10 µm diameter, mound-like structures with a nodular surface, develops from the hemispheres. The mounds eventually bridge the syncytium between adjacent plates and form hyperboloid structures (phase three) that appear like mesas when plates separate during the fracture. The mesa diameter increases with time until the column diameter is significantly larger than its height, defining the fourth phase of column development. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirms that the columns contain more magnesium than the underlying plates; the ratios of magnesium to calcium are consistent with compositions derived from x-ray diffraction. CONCLUSION Columns grow from both bounding plates. The presence of first phase columns interspersed among third stage mesas indicates very localized control of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.R. Stock
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author: Mail address: as above 303 E. Chicago Ave., 60611-3008,
| | - Jong Seto
- Dept. of Biomaterials, Max Planck Inst. for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany,presently at: Dept. of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A.C. Deymier
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,presently at: Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A. Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - A. Veis
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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DeFrates K, Markiewicz T, Gallo P, Rack A, Weyhmiller A, Jarmusik B, Hu X. Protein Polymer-Based Nanoparticles: Fabrication and Medical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1717. [PMID: 29890756 PMCID: PMC6032199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are particles that range in size from about 1⁻1000 nanometers in diameter, about one thousand times smaller than the average cell in a human body. Their small size, flexible fabrication, and high surface-area-to-volume ratio make them ideal systems for drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be made from a variety of materials including metals, polysaccharides, and proteins. Biological protein-based nanoparticles such as silk, keratin, collagen, elastin, corn zein, and soy protein-based nanoparticles are advantageous in having biodegradability, bioavailability, and relatively low cost. Many protein nanoparticles are easy to process and can be modified to achieve desired specifications such as size, morphology, and weight. Protein nanoparticles are used in a variety of settings and are replacing many materials that are not biocompatible and have a negative impact on the environment. Here we attempt to review the literature pertaining to protein-based nanoparticles with a focus on their application in drug delivery and biomedical fields. Additional detail on governing nanoparticle parameters, specific protein nanoparticle applications, and fabrication methods are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey DeFrates
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Theodore Markiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Pamela Gallo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Aaron Rack
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Aubrie Weyhmiller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Brandon Jarmusik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
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Le-Quang T, Shevchik S, Meylan B, Vakili-Farahani F, Olbinado M, Rack A, Wasmer K. Why is in situ quality control of laser keyhole welding a real challenge? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wasmer K, Le-Quang T, Meylan B, Vakili-Farahani F, Olbinado M, Rack A, Shevchik S. Laser processing quality monitoring by combining acoustic emission and machine learning: a high-speed X-ray imaging approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cecilia A, Baecker A, Hamann E, Rack A, van de Kamp T, Gruhl FJ, Hofmann R, Moosmann J, Hahn S, Kashef J, Bauer S, Farago T, Helfen L, Baumbach T. Optimizing structural and mechanical properties of cryogel scaffolds for use in prostate cancer cell culturing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 71:465-472. [PMID: 27987733 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) currently is the second most diagnosed cancer in men and the second most cause of cancer death after lung cancer in Western societies. This sets the necessity of modelling prostatic disorders to optimize a therapy against them. The conventional approach to investigating prostatic diseases is based on two-dimensional (2D) cell culturing. This method, however, does not provide a three-dimensional (3D) environment, therefore impeding a satisfying simulation of the prostate gland in which the PCa cells proliferate. Cryogel scaffolds represent a valid alternative to 2D culturing systems for studying the normal and pathological behavior of the prostate cells thanks to their 3D pore architecture that reflects more closely the physiological environment in which PCa cells develop. In this work the 3D morphology of three potential scaffolds for PCa cell culturing was investigated by means of synchrotron X-ray computed micro tomography (SXCμT) fitting the according requirements of high spatial resolution, 3D imaging capability and low dose requirements very well. In combination with mechanical tests, the results allowed identifying an optimal cryogel architecture, meeting the needs for a well-suited scaffold to be used for 3D PCa cell culture applications. The selected cryogel was then used for culturing prostatic lymph node metastasis (LNCaP) cells and subsequently, the presence of multi-cellular tumor spheroids inside the matrix was demonstrated again by using SXCμT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cecilia
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Baecker
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Bldg 329, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe D-76344, Germany
| | - E Hamann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T van de Kamp
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F J Gruhl
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Bldg 329, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe D-76344, Germany
| | - R Hofmann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Moosmann
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Max-Planck-Str. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - S Hahn
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Kashef
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Bauer
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - T Farago
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L Helfen
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Störmer M, Gabrisch H, Horstmann C, Heidorn U, Hertlein F, Wiesmann J, Siewert F, Rack A. Ultra-precision fabrication of 500 mm long and laterally graded Ru/C multilayer mirrors for X-ray light sources. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:051804. [PMID: 27250371 DOI: 10.1063/1.4950748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
X-ray mirrors are needed for beam shaping and monochromatization at advanced research light sources, for instance, free-electron lasers and synchrotron sources. Such mirrors consist of a substrate and a coating. The shape accuracy of the substrate and the layer precision of the coating are the crucial parameters that determine the beam properties required for various applications. In principal, the selection of the layer materials determines the mirror reflectivity. A single layer mirror offers high reflectivity in the range of total external reflection, whereas the reflectivity is reduced considerably above the critical angle. A periodic multilayer can enhance the reflectivity at higher angles due to Bragg reflection. Here, the selection of a suitable combination of layer materials is essential to achieve a high flux at distinct photon energies, which is often required for applications such as microtomography, diffraction, or protein crystallography. This contribution presents the current development of a Ru/C multilayer mirror prepared by magnetron sputtering with a sputtering facility that was designed in-house at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht. The deposition conditions were optimized in order to achieve ultra-high precision and high flux in future mirrors. Input for the improved deposition parameters came from investigations by transmission electron microscopy. The X-ray optical properties were investigated by means of X-ray reflectometry using Cu- and Mo-radiation. The change of the multilayer d-spacing over the mirror dimensions and the variation of the Bragg angles were determined. The results demonstrate the ability to precisely control the variation in thickness over the whole mirror length of 500 mm thus achieving picometer-precision in the meter-range.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Störmer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - H Gabrisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - C Horstmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - U Heidorn
- Incoatec GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - F Hertlein
- Incoatec GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - J Wiesmann
- Incoatec GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - F Siewert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
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12
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Dittmann J, Eggert A, Lambertus M, Dombrowski J, Rack A, Zabler S. Finding robust descriptive features for the characterization of the coarsening dynamics of three dimensional whey protein foams. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 467:148-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The present study is based on the idea of understanding the rupture of films in metal foams by studying free standing metallic films as a model system. Liquid dynamics, the velocity of the rupturing material as well as the behaviour of ceramic particles inside the melt were analysed optically ex situ and by synchrotron X-ray radiography in situ. It was found that the resistance of films to rupture is mainly based on the interaction between solid particles and an immobile oxide skin, the formation of which depends on the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere and the presence of magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heim
- Institute of Applied Materials, Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
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Rack A, Scheel M, Hardy L, Curfs C, Bonnin A, Reichert H. Exploiting coherence for real-time studies by single-bunch imaging. J Synchrotron Radiat 2014; 21:815-818. [PMID: 24971980 PMCID: PMC4073960 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514005852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
First real-time studies of ultra-fast processes by single-bunch imaging at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility are reported. By operating the storage ring of the ESRF in single-bunch mode with its correspondingly increased electron bunch charge density per singlet, the polychromatic photon flux density at insertion-device beamlines is sufficient to capture hard X-ray images exploiting the light from a single bunch (the corresponding bunch length is 140 ps FWHM). Hard X-ray imaging with absorption contrast as well as phase contrast in combination with large propagation distances is demonstrated using spatial samplings of 11 µm and 35 µm pixel size. The images acquired allow one to track crack propagation in a bursting piece of glass, breaking of an electrical fuse as well as cell wall rupture in an aqueous foam. Future developments and their potential in the frame of the proposed Phase II of the ESRF Upgrade Program are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - M. Scheel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - L. Hardy
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - C. Curfs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - A. Bonnin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - H. Reichert
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble Cedex, France
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15
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Cecilia A, Jary V, Nikl M, Mihokova E, Hänschke D, Hamann E, Douissard PA, Rack A, Martin T, Krause B, Grigorievc D, Baumbach T, Fiederle M. Investigation of the luminescence, crystallographic and spatial resolution properties of LSO:Tb scintillating layers used for X-ray imaging applications. RADIAT MEAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Rack A, Assoufid L, Lee WK, Shi B, Liu C, Morawe C, Kluender R, Conley R, Bouet N. Hard X-ray multilayer mirror round-robin on the wavefront preservation capabilities of W/B4C coatings. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Weitkamp T, Haas D, Wegrzynek D, Rack A. ANKAphase: software for single-distance phase retrieval from inline X-ray phase-contrast radiographs. J Synchrotron Radiat 2011; 18:617-629. [PMID: 21685680 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511002895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A computer program named ANKAphase is presented that processes X-ray inline phase-contrast radiographs by reconstructing the projected thickness of the object(s) imaged. The program uses a single-distance non-iterative phase-retrieval algorithm described by David Paganin et al. [(2002), J. Microsc. 206, 33-40]. Allowing for non-negligible absorption in the sample, this method is strictly valid only for monochromatic illumination and single-material objects but tolerates deviations from these conditions, especially polychromaticity. ANKAphase is designed to be applied to tomography data (although it does not perform tomographic reconstruction itself). It can process series of images and perform flat-field and dark-field correction. Written in Java, ANKAphase has an intuitive graphical user interface and can be run either as a stand-alone application or as a plugin to ImageJ, a widely used scientific image-processing program. A description of ANKAphase is given and example applications are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Weitkamp
- Synchrotron Soleil, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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18
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Mochales C, Maerten A, Rack A, Cloetens P, Mueller W, Zaslansky P, Fleck C. Monoclinic phase transformations of zirconia-based dental prostheses, induced by clinically practised surface manipulations. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2994-3002. [PMID: 21515417 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Full-ceramic zirconia crowns and bridges have become very popular with dentists and patients because of their excellent esthetics and mechanical properties. We studied phase transformations within the outermost surface layer of 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) samples of small, clinically relevant thicknesses, manipulated by polishing, grinding and fracture as might be encountered in everyday clinical practice. Stress-induced transformations of the tetragonal phase were studied in three dimensions in order to better understand the organization and extent of the monoclinically transformed phase. By means of laboratory- and synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction measurements, coupled with electron microscopy and multimodal tomography, it was possible for the first time to visualize and quantify the phase distributions non-destructively and in three dimensions. Highly variable degrees of local transformation result in ragged transformed zones of very inhomogeneous thickness. The overall thickness of the transformation layers strongly depends on the severity and rate of loading. Gentle diamond cutting resulted in surprisingly low transformation ratios of less than 0.1%. When Y-TZP constructions are manipulated before bonding, toughness of the outer layers is reduced and they may become brittle with important implications for the stability of the bond: dental practitioners thus need to be cautious when altering the surfaces of these materials after sintering.
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Abstract
AIM To assess differences in observed cross-sectional areas of root canals and filling materials, as imaged by three microscopy and two tomography methods. METHODOLOGY Six roots filled with laterally compacted Gutta-percha and AH26 were scanned with phase-contrast enhanced microtomography in a synchrotron facility. Reconstructed virtual slices were compared with sections of both wet and acrylic-embedded roots, evaluated also by light and electron microscopy (EM) and laboratory-based microtomography (μCT). The different contrasts of Gutta-percha, voids, sealer and root dentine were identified and correlated. Inner canal border, outer Gutta-percha rim and the external margin of a void were manually delineated, and the enclosed areas were repeatedly measured by three observers. Interobserver and interimaging method differences were tested by 2-way anova with Bonferroni adjustments (P < 0.05). Percentages of Gutta-percha-filled canal areas (PGP) were determined. RESULTS Phase-contrast enhanced microtomography revealed internal interfaces and detailed 3D volumes of accentuated voids as well as micrometre-sized particles and gaps within the treated roots. Overestimates in the cross-sectional areas were obtained by light microscopy, whereas underestimates were obtained by μCT and EM. Differences exceeded 40%; however, PGP values by all methods were within 5% for the same slice. Differences between observers were sometimes significant, but they were not method related (<3%). CONCLUSIONS Phase-contrast enhanced microtomography is a powerful non-destructive ex vivo investigation method for studying the interfaces within root canals and filling materials at a micrometre resolution. The method does not require damage-prone sectioning/polishing during sample preparation procedures. Caution should be used when quantifying the extent of Gutta-percha in root fillings by measurements using μCT, light and EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zaslansky
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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Zabler S, Rack T, Rack A, Nelson K. Quantitative studies on inner interfaces in conical metal joints using hard x-ray inline phase contrast radiography. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:103703. [PMID: 21034094 DOI: 10.1063/1.3495966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative investigation of micrometer and submicrometer gaps between joining metal surfaces is applied to conical plug-socket connections in dental titanium implants. Microgaps of widths well beyond the resolving power of industrial x-ray systems are imaged by synchrotron phase contrast radiography. Furthermore, by using an analytical model for the relatively simple sample geometry and applying it to numerical forward simulations of the optical Fresnel propagation, we show that quantitative measurements of the microgap width down to 0.1 μm are possible. Image data recorded at the BAMline (BESSY-II light source, Germany) are presented, with the resolving power of the imaging system being 4 μm in absorption mode and ∼14 μm in phase contrast mode (z(2)=0.74 m). Thus, phase contrast radiography, combined with numerical forward simulations, is capable of measuring the widths of gaps that are two orders of magnitude thinner than the conventional detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zabler
- Institute for Materials Science, Technical University of Berlin, EB 13, Strasse des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Rack A, Weitkamp T, Riotte M, Grigoriev D, Rack T, Helfen L, Baumbach T, Dietsch R, Holz T, Krämer M, Siewert F, Meduna M, Cloetens P, Ziegler E. Comparative study of multilayers used in monochromators for synchrotron-based coherent hard X-ray imaging. J Synchrotron Radiat 2010; 17:496-510. [PMID: 20567082 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049510011623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study is presented in which multilayers of different composition (W/Si, Mo/Si, Pd/B(4)C), periodicity (from 2.5 to 5.5 nm) and number of layers have been characterized. In particular, the intrinsic quality (roughness and reflectivity) as well as the performance (homogeneity and coherence of the outgoing beam) as a monochromator for synchrotron radiation hard X-ray micro-imaging are investigated. The results indicate that the material composition is the dominating factor for the performance. By helping scientists and engineers specify the design parameters of multilayer monochromators, these results can contribute to a better exploitation of the advantages of multilayer monochromators over crystal-based devices; i.e. larger spectral bandwidth and high photon flux density, which are particularly useful for synchrotron-based micro-radiography and -tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex, France.
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22
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Rack A, Rack T, Stiller M, Riesemeier H, Zabler S, Nelson K. In vitro synchrotron-based radiography of micro-gap formation at the implant-abutment interface of two-piece dental implants. J Synchrotron Radiat 2010; 17:289-94. [PMID: 20157285 PMCID: PMC2823585 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049510001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Micro-gap formation at the implant-abutment interface of two-piece dental implants was investigated in vitro using high-resolution radiography in combination with hard X-ray synchrotron radiation. Images were taken with the specimen under different mechanical loads of up to 100 N. The aim of this investigation was to prove the existence of micro-gaps for implants with conical connections as well as to study the mechanical behavior of the mating zone of conical implants during loading. Synchrotron-based radiography in comparison with classical laboratory radiography yields high spatial resolution in combination with high contrast even when exploiting micro-sized features in highly attenuating objects. The first illustration of a micro-gap which was previously indistinguishable by laboratory methods underlines that the complex micro-mechanical behavior of implants requires further in vitro investigations where synchrotron-based micro-imaging is one of the prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
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23
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Rack A, Garcia-Moreno F, Schmitt C, Betz O, Cecilia A, Ershov A, Rack T, Banhart J, Zabler S. On the possibilities of hard X-ray imaging with high spatio-temporal resolution using polychromatic synchrotron radiation. J Xray Sci Technol 2010; 18:429-441. [PMID: 21045279 DOI: 10.3233/xst-2010-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved imaging with penetrating radiation has an outstanding scientific value but its realisation requires a high density of photons as well as corresponding fast X-ray image detection schemes. Bending magnets and insertion devices of third generation synchrotron light sources offer a polychromatic photon flux density which is high enough to perform hard X-ray imaging with a spatio-temporal resolution up to the μm-μs range. Existing indirect X-ray image detectors commonly used at synchrotron light sources can be adapted for fast image acquisition by employing CMOS-based digital high speed cameras already available on the market. Selected applications from life sciences and materials research underline the high potential of this high-speed hard X-ray microimaging approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
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Riesemeier H, Rack A, Zabler S, Goebbels J, Müller BR, Banhart J. The synchrotron-based imaging station for micro-radiography and-tomography at the BAMline (BESSY). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/186/1/012047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rack A, García-Moreno F, Baumbach T, Banhart J. Synchrotron-based radioscopy employing spatio-temporal micro-resolution for studying fast phenomena in liquid metal foams. J Synchrotron Radiat 2009; 16:432-434. [PMID: 19395811 PMCID: PMC2678013 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049509001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of pore coalescence and individual cell wall collapse in an expanding liquid metal foam by means of X-ray radioscopy with spatio-temporal micro-resolution are reported. By using white synchrotron radiation for imaging, the rupture of a film and the subsequent merger of two neighbouring bubbles could be recorded with a time sampling rate of 40000 frames s(-1) (25 micros exposure time) and a spatial sampling rate of 20 microm. The rupture time of a cell wall was found to be in the range of 300 micros. This value is in agreement with theoretical considerations which assume an inertia-dominated rupture time of cell walls in liquid metal foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France.
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Betz O, Rack A, Schmitt C, Ershov A, Dieterich A, Körner L, Haas D, Baumbach T. High-Speed X-ray Cineradiography for Analyzing Complex Kinematics in Living Insects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08940880802406091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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