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Alsayed AR, Al-Dulaimi A, Alkhatib M, Al Maqbali M, Al-Najjar MAA, Al-Rshaidat MMD. A comprehensive clinical guide for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a missing therapeutic target in HIV-uninfected patients. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:1167-1190. [PMID: 36440485 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2152332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic, human-specific fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). PCP symptoms are nonspecific. A patient with P. jirovecii and another lung infection faces a diagnostic challenge. It may be difficult to determine which of these agents is responsible for the clinical symptoms, preventing effective treatment. Diagnostic and treatment efforts have been made more difficult by the rising frequency with which coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and PCP co-occur. AREAS COVERED Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of clinical and pharmacological recommendations along with a literature review of PCP in immunocompromised patients focusing on HIV-uninfected patients. EXPERT OPINION PCP may be masked by identifying co-existing pathogens that are not necessarily responsible for the observed infection. Patients with severe form COVID-19 should be examined for underlying immunodeficiency, and co-infections must be considered as co-infection with P. jirovecii may worsen COVID-19's severity and fatality. PCP should be investigated in patients with PCP risk factors who come with pneumonia and suggestive radiographic symptoms but have not previously received PCP prophylaxis. PCP prophylaxis should be explored in individuals with various conditions that impair the immune system, depending on their PCP risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdullah Al-Dulaimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alkhatib
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Mohammed Al Maqbali
- Department of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Mohammad A A Al-Najjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Kingdom of Jordan
| | - Mamoon M D Al-Rshaidat
- Laboratory for Molecular and Microbial Ecology (LaMME), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Alsayed AR, Talib W, Al-Dulaimi A, Daoud S, Maqbali MA. The first detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in asthmatic patients post COVID-19 in Jordan. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2022; 22:784-790. [PMID: 35603769 PMCID: PMC9519162 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2022.7335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), caused by fungal species named P. jirovecii, is a frequent opportunistic infection in those with human immunodeficiency virus infection. However, PCP has been documented in immunocompetent patients. This study aims to determine if P. jirovecii detection occurs in asthma patients following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Jordanian cohort. Another aim was to evaluate a method of TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to detect P. jirovecii, from sputum samples. The nasopharyngeal swabs were used to detect SARS-CoV-2 and sputum samples were tested for P. jirovecii using real-time qPCR assay. Beta-tubulin (BT) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes were the directed targets of P. jirovecii. The results showed that the mean qPCR efficiencies of BT and DHFR were 96.37% and 100.13%, respectively. Three out of 31 included patients (9.7%) had a positive P. jirovecii. All of the three patients had used oral corticosteroids (OCS) in the past 2 months due asthma exacerbation and were treated with OCS for COVID-19. This is the first study based in Jordan to demonstrate that P. jirovecii and COVID-19 can coexist and that it is important to maintain a broad differential diagnosis, especially in immunocompromised patients. Chronic lung disease can be a risk factor for the P. jirovecii colonization possibly due to corticosteroid’s immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- Corresponding author: Ahmad R. Alsayed, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan. E-mail: ;
| | - Wamidh Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdullah Al-Dulaimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Safa Daoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Al Maqbali
- Department of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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Al-Dulaimi A, Alsayed AR, Maqbali MA, Zihlif M. Investigating the human rhinovirus co-infection in patients with asthma exacerbations and COVID-19. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2022; 20:2665. [PMID: 35919804 PMCID: PMC9296091 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2022.2.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the co-infections with human rhinovirus (HRV) among patients with asthma exacerbation and COVID-19 in Jordan. Also, to determine the frequency of acute asthma exacerbation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic on a matched basis. Methods: The data of this prospective cohort research consisted of clinical variables. During the first visit, and after 14-days, nasopharyngeal swabs were taken and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for HRV and SARS-CoV-2 detection. Results: Forty-seven out of 175 (26.9%) COVID-19 adult cases have been diagnosed with asthma. The number of asthma exacerbations among the study participants was higher during 2021 than in 2020 (p=0.035). Most of the included asthmatic participants (61.7%) were only positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 38.3% were co-infected with HRV. The SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold value was lower in samples infected with both viruses compared to samples infected with SARS-CoV-2 alone, p<0.005. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that HRV and SARS-CoV-2 were significantly more prevalent in asthma exacerbations than stable asthma. Thus, HRV and/or SARS-CoV-2 infections were potentially cofactors or contributors to the asthma exacerbation in this cohort. This is the first study, in Jordan, to investigate the HRV co-infection in COVID-19 asthmatic patients and HRV could be related with a higher severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al-Dulaimi
- MSc. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan.
| | - Ahmad R Alsayed
- PhD, MSc, PharmD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan. ,
| | - Mohammed Al Maqbali
- PhD. Department of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Malek Zihlif
- PhD. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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Alsayed AR, Hasoun L, Al-Dulaimi A, AbuAwad A, Basheti I, Khader HA, Maqbali MA. Evaluation of the effectiveness of educational medical informatics tutorial on improving pharmacy students' knowledge and skills about the clinical problem-solving process. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2022; 20:2652. [PMID: 35919796 PMCID: PMC9296085 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2022.2.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of an online tutorial and its impact on improving knowledge and skills of pharmacy students in the clinical problem-solving process that is necessary to implement pharmaceutical care. Methods: This is a prospective interventional study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions using four novel templates. The first two levels of Kirkpatrick’s Model (Reaction and Learning) were used. Results: 129 participants completed all of the online training parts. The findings indicated a significant improvement in the students’ knowledge and skills. The participants achieved higher score following the tutorial than the baseline, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in the number of detected treatment-related problems. The majority of students were satisfied with the overall training process and stated a high evaluation score out of 10 (mean = 7.93 ± 1.42, median = 8.00). Conclusion: The educational intervention achieved a substantial positive impact on decision-making skills of participating students and was considered effective in helping them attain basic skills such as teamwork, peer assessment, communication and critical evaluation. Healthcare providers must work together to ensure accurate medication use during care transitions. Pharmacists, as medication experts, play an important role in the implementation process. Pharmacy educators must prepare pharmacy student to use pharmaceutical care in their future practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Alsayed
- PharmD, MSc, PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan.
| | - Luai Hasoun
- PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan.
| | - Abdullah Al-Dulaimi
- MSc. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan.
| | - Alaa AbuAwad
- PhD. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan.
| | - Iman Basheti
- PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931-166, Jordan.
| | - Heba A Khader
- PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
| | - Mohammed Al Maqbali
- PhD. Department of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
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Alsayed AR, Halloush S, Hasoun L, Alnatour D, Al-Dulaimi A, Alnajjar MS, Blaibleh A, Al-Imam A, Alshammari F, Khader HA. Perspectives of the community in the developing countries toward telemedicine and pharmaceutical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2022; 20:2618. [PMID: 35497904 PMCID: PMC9014891 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2022.1.2618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Objective: Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Alsayed
- PharmD, MSc, PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Shiraz Halloush
- PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Luai Hasoun
- PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Dalal Alnatour
- PharmD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Abdullah Al-Dulaimi
- MSc. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Munther S Alnajjar
- PhD. Department of Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan.
| | | | | | - Farhan Alshammari
- PhD. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Heba A Khader
- PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
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Alsayed A, Darwish El Hajji F, Al-Najjar MA, Abazid H, Al-Dulaimi A. Patterns of antibiotic use, knowledge, and perceptions among different population categories: A comprehensive study based in Arabic countries. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:317-328. [PMID: 35498229 PMCID: PMC9051960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Alsayed A, Al-Doori A, Al-Dulaimi A, Alnaseri A, Abuhashish J, Aliasin K, Alfayoumi I. Influences of bovine colostrum on nasal swab microbiome and viral upper respiratory tract infections - A case report. Respir Med Case Rep 2020; 31:101189. [PMID: 32839688 PMCID: PMC7437540 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum has been advocated as a source of immunity against external environmental microorganisms. Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections present a critical public health concern in the developing countries. The present case report was performed to assess the influence of bovine colostrum in preventing recurrent upper respiratory tract infections caused by respiratory viruses in an adult in Jordan in addition to its effect on respiratory microbiome. In conclusion, bovine colostrum was successful in the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections and significantly affected the nasal swab microbiome. This is the first case report investigating the influence of bovine colostrum on the nasal swab microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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