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Sharma M, Karikalan M, Dandapat P, Asok Kumar M, Beena V, Chandra Mohan S, Ilayaraja S, Mathur A, Bhawal A, Pawde AM, Sharma AK. Tuberculosis in free-ranging and captive wild animals: Pathological and molecular diagnosis with histomorphological differentiation of granulomatous lesions. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105752. [PMID: 36108989 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious zoonotic threat, impacting the human-livestock-wildlife interface globally. Here, we evaluated the status and histomorphological differentiation of TB lesions in 89 morbid cases of wild animals (bovids, cervids, carnivores, non-human primates, and pachyderms) in India. Histomorphological and molecular studies were done using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas cultural isolation was performed on selected samples. A total of 32 (35.95%) cases were confirmed as TB, comprising of 12 carnivores, 09 bovids, 06 cervids, 04 non-human primates, and a pachyderm. The TB lesions in the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes varied from the large-sized caseous nodules filled with dry cheesy material in bovids and cervids to variable-sized cavitations containing liquefied caseum in carnivores' lungs. The lungs, livers, and spleens of non-human primates exhibited small to medium-sized nodules. Histologically, lesions were divided into four categories (Types I, II, III, and IV) based on the extent of necrosis, the presence of mineralization, giant cells, and fibrous encapsulation. Extensive caseous necrosis with calcification, abundant giant cells, and thick fibroblastic encapsulation were consistent findings in the lungs, livers, and lymph nodes of bovids and cervids, whereas airway impaction with cellular exudate containing a teeming number of acid-fast bacilli and, at times, alveolar rupture leading to cavity formation was present in the lungs of carnivores. Absence of calcification and fibrous encapsulation was recorded in lungs of non-human primates. Immunohistochemical labelling with anti-early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) antibodies showed mild, moderate, and intense positive reactions in type II and III, type I, and type IV granulomatous lesions, respectively. Molecular detection by PCR revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (12 carnivores, 02 non-human primates and 01 pachyderm), M. bovis (02 cervids and 01 bovid) and M. orygis (02 cervids and 01 bovid). Cultural isolation confirmed M. tuberculosis in 03 carnivores and M. orygis in 02 cervids and 01 bovid. Our findings imply that TB is quite prevalent in the wildlife of India and there are considerable differences in the histomorphological lesions induced by distinct Mycobacterium species in different wild animals. The circulation of TB organisms in wild animals warrants a strict surveillance programme to identify the carrier status of these animals so that effective TB control strategies can be formulated to prevent spillover and spillback incidences at the human-livestock-wildlife interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sharma
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Karikalan
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - P Dandapat
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata (WB), India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V Beena
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Chandra Mohan
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Ilayaraja
- Deputy Director, Agra Bear Rescue Centre, Wildlife SOS, Keetham, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Senior Veterinary Officer, Nahargarh Biological Park, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhijit Bhawal
- Veterinary Officer, National Zoological Park, New Delhi, India
| | - A M Pawde
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Sharma
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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O'Toole A, Peña Arellano FE, Rodionov AV, Shaner M, Sobacchi E, Dergachev V, DeSalvo R, Asadoor M, Bhawal A, Gong P, Kim C, Lottarini A, Minenkov Y, Murphy C. Design and initial characterization of a compact, ultra high vacuum compatible, low frequency, tilt accelerometer. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:075003. [PMID: 25085166 DOI: 10.1063/1.4890285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A compact tilt accelerometer with high sensitivity at low frequency was designed to provide low frequency corrections for the feedback signal of the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory active seismic attenuation system. It has been developed using a Tungsten Carbide ceramic knife-edge hinge designed to avoid the mechanical 1/f noise believed to be intrinsic in polycrystalline metallic flexures. Design and construction details are presented; prototype data acquisition and control limitations are discussed. The instrument's characterization reported here shows that the hinge is compatible with being metal-hysteresis-free, and therefore also free of the 1/f noise generated by the dislocation Self-Organized Criticality in the metal. A tiltmeter of this kind will be effective to separate the ground tilt component from the signal of horizontal low frequency seismometers, and to correct the ill effects of microseismic tilt in advanced seismic attenuation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O'Toole
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F E Peña Arellano
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
| | - A V Rodionov
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Shaner
- Mayfield Senior School, 500 Bellefontaine Street Pasadena, California 91105, USA
| | - E Sobacchi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - V Dergachev
- LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R DeSalvo
- LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Asadoor
- Mayfield Senior School, 500 Bellefontaine Street Pasadena, California 91105, USA
| | - A Bhawal
- Arcadia High School, 180 Campus Drive, Arcadia, California 91007, USA
| | - P Gong
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C Kim
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Lottarini
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Y Minenkov
- Sezione INFN Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientfica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C Murphy
- School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009
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Dergachev V, DeSalvo R, Asadoor M, Bhawal A, Gong P, Kim C, Lottarini A, Minenkov Y, Murphy C, O'Toole A, Peña Arellano FE, Rodionov AV, Shaner M, Sobacchi E. A high precision, compact electromechanical ground rotation sensor. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:054502. [PMID: 24880388 DOI: 10.1063/1.4875375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a mechanical rotation sensor consisting of a balance pivoting on a tungsten carbide knife edge. These sensors are important for precision seismic isolation systems, as employed in land-based gravitational wave interferometers and for the new field of rotational seismology. The position sensor used is an air-core linear variable differential transformer with a demonstrated noise floor of 1 × 10⁻¹¹ m/√Hz. We describe the instrument construction and demonstrate low noise operation with a noise floor upper bound of 5.7 × 10⁻⁹ rad/√Hz at 10 mHz and 6.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ rad/√Hz at 0.1 Hz. The performance of the knife edge hinge is compatible with a behaviorur free of noise from dislocation self-organized criticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dergachev
- LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R DeSalvo
- LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Asadoor
- Mayfield Senior School, 500 Bellefontaine Street, Pasadena, California 91105, USA
| | - A Bhawal
- Arcadia High School, 180 Campus Drive, Arcadia, California 91007, USA
| | - P Gong
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C Kim
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Lottarini
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Y Minenkov
- Sezione INFN Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C Murphy
- School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A O'Toole
- University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F E Peña Arellano
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
| | - A V Rodionov
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Shaner
- Mayfield Senior School, 500 Bellefontaine Street, Pasadena, California 91105, USA
| | - E Sobacchi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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