1
|
Ningrum A, Wardani DW, Vanidia N, Sarifudin A, Kumalasari R, Ekafitri R, Kristanti D, Setiaboma W, Munawaroh HSH. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities from a Sustainable Source of Okara Protein Hydrolysate Using Enzymatic Reaction. Molecules 2023; 28:4974. [PMID: 37446636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Okara is a solid byproduct created during the processing of soy milk. The production of protein hydrolysates utilizing enzymatic tests such as papain can result in the production of bioactive peptides (BPs), which are amino acid sequences that can also be produced from the okara protein by hydrolysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of okara hydrolysates using papain, based on the in silico and in vitro assays using the papain enzyme. We found that using the in silico assessment, the antioxidant peptides can be found from the precursor (glycinin and conglycinin) in okara. When used as a protease, papain provides the maximum degree of hydrolysis for antioxidative peptides. The highest-peptide-rank peptide sequence was predicted using peptide ranks such as proline-histidine-phenylalanine (PHF), alanine-aspartic acid-phenylalanine (ADF), tyrosine-tyrosine-leucine (YYL), proline-histidine-histidine (PHH), isoleucine-arginine (IR), and serine-valine-leucine (SVL). Molecular docking studies revealed that all peptides generated from the parent protein impeded substrate access to the active site of xanthine oxidase (XO). They have antioxidative properties and are employed in the in silico approach to the XO enzyme. We also use papain to evaluate the antioxidant activity by using in vitro tests for protein hydrolysate following proteolysis. The antioxidant properties of okara protein hydrolysates have been shown in vitro, utilizing DPPH and FRAP experiments. This study suggests that okara hydrolysates generated by papain can be employed as natural antioxidants in food and for further applications, such as active ingredients for antioxidants in packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriati Ningrum
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dian Wahyu Wardani
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Vanidia
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Achmat Sarifudin
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Rima Kumalasari
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Riyanti Ekafitri
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Dita Kristanti
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jogja-Wonosari Street km 31, 5 Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Woro Setiaboma
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jogja-Wonosari Street km 31, 5 Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Heli Siti Helimatul Munawaroh
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ningrum A, Wardani DW, Vanidia N, Sarifudin A, Kumalasari R, Ekafitri R, Kristanti D, Setiaboma W, Munawaroh HSH. In Silico Approach of Glycinin and Conglycinin Chains of Soybean By-Product (Okara) Using Papain and Bromelain. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206855. [PMID: 36296446 PMCID: PMC9607286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores utilization of a sustainable soybean by-product (okara) based on in silico approach. In silico approaches, as well as the BIOPEP database, PeptideRanker database, Peptide Calculator database (Pepcalc), ToxinPred database, and AllerTop database, were employed to evaluate the potential of glycinin and conglycinin derived peptides as a potential source of bioactive peptides. These major protein precursors have been found as protein in okara as a soybean by-product. Furthermore, primary structure, biological potential, and physicochemical, sensory, and allergenic characteristics of the theoretically released antioxidant peptides were predicted in this research. Glycinin and α subunits of β-conglycinin were selected as potential precursors of bioactive peptides based on in silico analysis. The most notable among these are antioxidant peptides. First, the potential of protein precursors for releasing bioactive peptides was evaluated by determining the frequency of occurrence of fragments with a given activity. Through the BIOPEP database analysis, there are several antioxidant bioactive peptides in glycinin and β and α subunits of β-conglycinin sequences. Then, an in silico proteolysis using selected enzymes (papain, bromelain) to obtain antioxidant peptides was investigated and then analyzed using PeptideRanker and Pepcalc. Allergenic analysis using the AllerTop revealed that all in silico proteolysis-derived antioxidant peptides are probably nonallergenic peptides. We also performed molecular docking against MPO (myeloperoxidases) for this peptide. Overall, the present study highlights that glycinin and β and α subunits of β-conglycinin could be promising precursors of bioactive peptides that have an antioxidant peptide for developing several applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriati Ningrum
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Dian Wahyu Wardani
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Vanidia
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Achmat Sarifudin
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No.5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Rima Kumalasari
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No.5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Riyanti Ekafitri
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No.5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Dita Kristanti
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jogja-Wonosari Street km 31,5 Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Woro Setiaboma
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jogja-Wonosari Street km 31,5 Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Afifah N, Indrianti N, Desnilasari D, Ratnawati L, Sarifudin A. Effect of multi cycle heating-cooling treatment on the physical and morphological properties of white sweet potato flour. FSTR 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nok Afifah
- Research Center for Appropriate Technology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| | - Novita Indrianti
- Research Center for Appropriate Technology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| | - Dewi Desnilasari
- Research Center for Appropriate Technology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| | - Lia Ratnawati
- Research Center for Appropriate Technology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| | - Achmat Sarifudin
- Research Center for Appropriate Technology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarifudin A, Keeratiburana T, Soontaranon S, Tangsathitkulchai C, Tongta S. Pore characteristics and structural properties of ethanol-treated starch in relation to water absorption capacity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
5
|
Sarifudin A, Soontaranon S, Peerapattana J, Tongta S. Mechanical strength, structural and hydration properties of ethanol-treated starch tablets and their impact on the release of active ingredients. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:541-551. [PMID: 32006576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-treated starch (ETS) shows potentiality to be used for binder of pharmaceutical tablets. This study was aimed to evaluate the mechanical strength, structural and hydration properties of ETS tablets and ETS tablets containing lauric acid and ascorbic acid and their release behavior. ETS was prepared from cassava starch at the temperatures of 80, 90, and 100 °C. The active compounds were entrapped within the ETS tablets by two methods, including dry mixing and ethanol solubilisation. The results indicated that ETS tablets from temperatures of 80 °C showed granular shapes, had high friability and low crushing strength indexes, and dispersed and released active ingredients rapidly upon contact with water. Meanwhile, ETS tablets from temperatures of 90 and 100 °C exhibited non-granular particles, had low friability and high crushing strength indexes. Upon hydration, the tablets of non-granular ETS containing lauric acid eroded gradually and released active ingredients during tablet's erosion, meanwhile ascorbic acid diffused out gradually from the swelled tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achmat Sarifudin
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Research Center for Appropriate Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2TTG-LIPI), Jl. K.S. Tubun No. 5, Subang 41213, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Siriwat Soontaranon
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jomjai Peerapattana
- Center of Research and Development for Herbal Health Product, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sunanta Tongta
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|