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Schumaier A, Abboud J, Grawe B, Horneff JG, Getz C, Romeo A, Keener J, Friedman R, Yian E, Muh S, Nicholson G, Delaney R, Otto R, William W, Tokish JT, Williams G, Kazanjian J, Dines J, Ramsey M, Green A, Paxton S, Namdari S, Flanagin B, Hasan S, Kaar S, Miniaci A, Cuomo F. Evaluating Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis: The Relative Impact of Patient Age, Activity Level, Symptoms, and Kellgren-Lawrence Grade on Treatment. Arch Bone Jt Surg 2019; 7:151-160. [PMID: 31211193 PMCID: PMC6510923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not always clear how to treat glenohumeral osteoarthritis, particularly in young patients. The goals of this study were to 1) quantify how patient age, activity level, symptoms, and radiographic findings impact the decision-making of shoulder specialists and 2) evaluate the observer reliability of the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading system for primary osteoarthritis of the shoulder. METHODS Twenty-six shoulder surgeons were each sent 54 simulated patient cases. Each patient had a different combination of age, symptoms, activity level, and radiographs. Responders graded the radiographs and chose a treatment (non-operative, arthroscopy, hemiarthroplasty, or total shoulder arthroplasty). Spearman correlations and chi square tests were used to assess the relationship between factors and treatments. Sub-analysis was performed on surgical cases. An intra-class correlation (ICC) was used to assess observer agreement. RESULTS The significant correlations (P<0.01) were: symptoms [0.46], KL grade [0.44], and age [0.11]. In the sub-analysis of operative cases, the significant correlations were: KL grade [0.64], age [0.39], and activity level [-0.10]. The chi square analysis was significant (P<0.01) for all factors, but the practical significance of activity level was minimal. The ICCs were [inter](intra): KL [0.79] (0.84), patient management [0.54]. CONCLUSION When evaluating glenohumeral osteoarthritis, patient symptoms and KL grade are the factors most strongly associated with treatment. In operative cases, the factors most strongly associated with the choice of operation were the patient's KL grade and age. Additionally, the KL classification demonstrated excellent observer reliability. However, there was only moderate agreement among shoulder specialists regarding treatment, indicating that this remains a controversial topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schumaier
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph Abboud
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Grawe
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - J Gabriel Horneff
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles Getz
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony Romeo
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Jay Keener
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Friedman
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Ed Yian
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie Muh
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory Nicholson
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Ruth Delaney
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Randall Otto
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - William William
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - J T Tokish
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Gerald Williams
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Jack Kazanjian
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua Dines
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Ramsey
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Green
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott Paxton
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Surena Namdari
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Brody Flanagin
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Samer Hasan
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott Kaar
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony Miniaci
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | - Frances Cuomo
- Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Premier Care Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
- Premier Orthopaedics, Havertown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren-Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Orthopaedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Cincinnati Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore, New York, New York, USA
- Research performed at University of Cincinnati, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Ohio, USA
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