First Report of Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina on Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Western Canada

In 2021, several dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants at the mid-seed-fill growth stage displaying wilting, chlorosis of the leaves and reduced vigor were collected near the Pembina - Emerson Border of Manitoba, Canada and North Dakota, USA. When symptomatic plants were examined, gray to dark brown discoloration was observed on the lower stem and the roots. Afterwards, brown to black discoloration was noticed on stem and root sections. Root and lower stem pieces (1 to 2 cm) from affected plants were surface sterilized with 70 % ethanol, followed by 1% NaOCl, rinsed twice in sterilized water, air dried on sterilized filter papers, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 1 mg/mL of streptomycin sulfate. The PDA plates were incubated at 28°C with 12 h light/12 h dark for 10 days. The growing hyphae were transferred using the hyphal tip method to new PDA plates. Growing cultures were initially hyaline and turned from light gray to dark brown or black with age. Abundant dark and spherical to oblong shaped sclerotia with an average diameter of 97.9 µm (range: 66.8 to 143.5 µm, n =30) formed on the pure cultures 7 days after incubation. Additional pure culture was obtained through an isolation of a single microsclerotium followed by a single hyphal tip transfer. One isolate was identified as Macrophomina phaseolina based on morphological characteristics (Smith and Wyllie 1999). The morphological identity was confirmed by sequencing the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with universal primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and calmodulin (CAL) and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF-1α) genes with MpTefF/MpTefR, and MpCalF/MpCalR primer sets (Santos et al. 2020), respectively. The online resource Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) confirmed the fungus identity as 100% M. phaseolina. The sequences of the original isolate BF21-25 were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OQ615297 (ITS), OR357630 (CAL), and OR363106 (TEF-1α). To confirm pathogenicity, bioassays were conducted under controlled conditions. Four seeds of cultivar 'Etna' were sown per pot, and five pots were used for inoculated (approx. 4 × 105 microsclerotia/pot) and control (mock-inoculated with sterile PDA medium) treatments. For the inoculum, 20 g of macerated 10 to 14-day old M. phaseolina culture grown on PDA medium was applied to each pot using an inoculum layering technique. Pots were kept in the greenhouse with 28/17°C day/night, 13 h light/11 h dark cycle, and 70% relative humidity and watered weekly. Disease symptoms similar to those observed in the field were visible on all inoculated plants at the mid-seed-fill growth stage. Mock-inoculated control plants didn't show any symptoms. The experiment was repeated twice with similar results. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected plants to confirm Koch's postulates and identified as M. phaseolina based on the morphology and sequences of ITS, CAL and TEF-1α regions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of charcoal rot caused by M. phaseolina on dry bean in Western Canada.

Developing Solution-Processed Distributed Bragg Reflectors for Microcavity Polariton Applications

Improving the performance of organic optoelectronics has been under vigorous research for decades. Recently, polaritonics has been introduced as a technology that has the potential to improve the optical, electrical, and chemical properties of materials and devices. However, polaritons have been mainly studied in optical microcavities that are made by vacuum deposition processes, which are costly, unavailable to many, and incompatible with printed optoelectronics methods. Efforts toward the fabrication of polariton microcavities with solution-processed techniques have been utterly absent. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time strong light-matter coupling and polariton photoluminescence in an organic microcavity consisting of an aluminum mirror and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) made by sequential dip coating of titanium hydroxide/poly(vinyl alcohol) (TiOH/PVA) and Nafion films. To fabricate and develop the solution-processed DBRs and microcavities, we automatized a dip-coating device that allowed us to produce sub-100 nm films consistently over many dip-coating cycles. Owning to the solution-based nature of our DBRs, our results pave the way to the realization of polariton optoelectronic devices beyond physical deposition methods.

Fusarium Root Rot Complex in Soybean: Molecular Characterization, Trichothecene Formation, and Cross-Pathogenicity

Soybean is threatened by many pathogens that negatively affect this crop's yield and quality, such as various Fusarium species that cause wilting and root rot diseases. Fusarium root rot (FRR) in soybean can be caused by F. graminearum and other Fusarium spp. that are associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals. Therefore, it was important to inquire whether Fusarium pathogens from soybean can cause disease in wheat and vice versa. Here, we investigated the FRR complex in Manitoba (Canada) from symptomatic plants, using both culture- and molecular-based methods. We developed a molecular diagnostic toolkit to detect and differentiate between several Fusarium spp. involved in FHB and FRR, then we evaluated cross-pathogenicity of selected Fusarium isolates collected from soybean and wheat, and the results indicate that isolates recovered from one host can infect the other host. Trichothecene production by selected Fusarium spp. was also analyzed chemically via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in both soybean (root) and wheat (spike) tissues. Trichothecenes were also analyzed in soybean seeds from plants with FRR to check the potentiality of trichothecene translocation from infected roots to the seeds. All of the tested Fusarium isolates were capable of producing trichothecenes in wheat spikes and soybean roots, but no trichothecenes were detected in soybean seeds. This study provided evidence, for the first time, that trichothecenes were produced by several Fusarium spp. (F. cerealis, F. culmorum, and F. sporotrichioides) during FRR development in soybean.

Specific Detection and Identification of Fusarium graminearum Sensu Stricto Using a PCR-RFLP Tool and Specific Primers Targeting the Translational Elongation Factor 1α Gene

Fusarium graminearum is a toxigenic plant pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease on cereal crops. It has recently shown to have cross-pathogenicity on noncereals (i.e., Fusarium root rot [FRR] on soybean) in Canada and elsewhere. Specific detection and differentiation of this potent toxigenic, trichothecene-producing pathogen among other closely related species is extremely important for disease control and mycotoxin monitoring. Here, we designed a PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism protocol based on the DNA sequence of the translational elongation factor 1α (TEF1α) gene. A unique restriction site to the enzyme HpaII is only found in F. graminearum sensu stricto strains among different Fusarium strains in the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) and other Fusarium spp. associated with FHB in cereals and FRR in soybean. Partial amplification of the TEF1α gene with newly designed primers mh1/mh2 generated a 459-bp PCR fragment. Restriction digestion of the generated fragments with the HpaII enzyme generated a unique restriction pattern that can rapidly and accurately differentiate F. graminearum sensu stricto among all other Fusarium spp. A primer pair (FgssF/FgssR) specific to F. graminearum sensu stricto also was designed and can distinguish F. graminearum sensu stricto from all other Fusarium spp. in the FGSC and other closely related Fusarium spp. involved in FHB and FRR. This finding will be very useful for the specific detection of F. graminearum sensu stricto for diagnostic purposes as well as for the accurate detection of this pathogen in breeding and other research purposes.

[Iatrogenic esophageal injuries]

Own experience regarding treatment of 25 iatrogenic oesophageal lesion are discussed. Diagnosis was established mainly by x-ray examination with the water soluble contrast and plain chest x-ray. One patient was treated conservatively. 24 were operated. All patients received antibiotics intravenously and for local mouth rinse. Operations consists of chest drainage and exclusion of oesophagus from food passage by gastrostomy. Treatment in all cases resulted in healing of oesophageal lesion.