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Abo Elmaaty A, Eldehna WM, Khattab M, Kutkat O, Alnajjar R, El-Taweel AN, Al-Rashood ST, Abourehab MAS, Binjubair FA, Saleh MA, Belal A, Al-Karmalawy AA. Anticoagulants as Potential SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Inhibitors for COVID-19 Patients: In Vitro, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, DFT, and SAR Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012235. [PMID: 36293094 PMCID: PMC9603561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, 34 anticoagulant drugs were screened in silico against the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking tools. Idraparinux, fondaparinux, eptifibatide, heparin, and ticagrelor demonstrated the highest binding affinities towards SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. A molecular dynamics study at 200 ns was also carried out for the most promising anticoagulants to provide insights into the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of promising compounds. Moreover, a quantum mechanical study was also conducted which helped us to attest to some of the molecular docking and dynamics findings. A biological evaluation (in vitro) of the most promising compounds was also performed by carrying out the MTT cytotoxicity assay and the crystal violet assay in order to assess inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50). It is worth noting that ticagrelor displayed the highest intrinsic potential for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 value of 5.60 µM and a safety index of 25.33. In addition, fondaparinux sodium and dabigatran showed promising inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 8.60 and 9.40 µM, respectively, and demonstrated safety indexes of 17.60 and 15.10, respectively. Moreover, the inhibitory potential of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme was investigated by utilizing the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro assay and using tipranavir as a reference standard. Interestingly, promising SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory potential was attained for fondaparinux sodium with an IC50 value of 2.36 µM, surpassing the reference tipranavir (IC50 = 7.38 µM) by more than three-fold. Furthermore, highly eligible SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory potential was attained for dabigatran with an IC50 value of 10.59 µM. Finally, an SAR was discussed, counting on the findings of both in vitro and in silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Khattab
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi 16063, Libya
- PharmD, Faculty of Pharmacy, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi 16063, Libya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Ahmed N. El-Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Sara T. Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faizah A. Binjubair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed A. Saleh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amany Belal
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt or
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Elnady HG, Sherif LS, Saleh MT, El-Alameey IR, Youssef MM, El Shafie AI, Helwa I, Raouf HA, El-Taweel AN. Prediction of Gut Wall Integrity Loss in Viral Gastroenteritis by Non-Invasive Marker. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:37-45. [PMID: 27275194 PMCID: PMC4877786 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Intestinal fatty acid binding proteins (I-FABPs) are mainly expressed in the intestinal villi, which are the initial site of destruction in viral gastroenteritis. AIM: This study was designed to assess serum I-FABPs as a predictor of gut wall integrity loss in viral gastroenteritis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case-control cross-sectional study was conducted on 93 cases of acute viral gastroenteritis. Twenty-eight healthy children matching in age were recruited as control group. Serum I-FABPs were measured using ELISA technique. Viral detection and typing were done by PCR for adenovirus, and by Reverse transcriptase PCR for rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus. RESULTS: Serum I-FABPs level was significantly higher in the cases compared to the controls and was also higher in the 46 rotavirus gastroenteritis cases compared to other viral gastroenteritis cases. Serum I- FABPs level was significantly higher in severely dehydrated cases as compared to mildly dehydrated ones (P=0.037). CONCLUSION: Serum I-FABPs could be used as an early and sensitive predictor marker of gut wall integrity loss in children with viral gastroenteritis and its level can indicate case severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala G Elnady
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lobna S Sherif
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maysa T Saleh
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mai M Youssef
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal I El Shafie
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Helwa
- Immunogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed N El-Taweel
- Environment Virology Laboratory and Water Pollution Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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