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Bhalla M, Mittal R, Kumar M, Bhatia R, Kushwah AS. Metabolomics: A Tool to Envisage Biomarkers in Clinical Interpretation of Cancer. Curr Drug Res Rev 2023:CDRR-EPUB-134451. [PMID: 37702236 DOI: 10.2174/2589977516666230912120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is amongst the most dreadful ailments of modern times, and its impact continuously worsens global health systems. Early diagnosis and suitable therapeutic agents are the prime keys to managing this disease. Metabolomics deals with the complete profiling of cells and physiological phenomena in their organelles, thus helping in keen knowledge of the pathological status of the disease. It has been proven to be one of the best strategies in the early screening of cancer. OBJECTIVE This review has covered the recent updates on the promising role of metabolomics in the identification of significant biochemical markers in cancer-prone individuals that could lead to the identification of cancer in the early stages. METHODS The literature was collected through various databases, like Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, with stress laid on the last ten years' publications. CONCLUSION It was assessed in this review that early recognition of cancerous growth could be achieved via complete metabolic profiling in association with transcriptomics and proteomics. The outcomes are rooted in various clinical studies that anticipated various biomarkers like tryptophan, phenylalanine, lactates, and different metabolic pathways associated with the Warburg effect. This metabolite imaging has been a fundamental step for the target acquisition, evaluation of predictive cancer biomarkers for early detection, and outlooks into cancer therapy along with critical evaluation. Significant efforts should be made to make this technique most reliable and easy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Bhalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Ropar 140111, India
| | - Roopal Mittal
- Department of Pharmacology, IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar 144601, India
- Department of Pharmacology, R.K.S.D. College of Pharmacy, Kaithal 136027, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, India
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Ropar 140111, India
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2
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Rather IA, Khan N, Kushwah AS, Surampalli G, Kumar M. Nephroprotective effects of honokiol in a high-fat diet-streptozotocin rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Life Sci 2023; 320:121543. [PMID: 36871934 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the foremost basis of end-stage kidney failure implicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and dysregulation of Rho kinase/Rock pathway. Magnolia plants are used in traditional medicine systems in Southeast Asia owing to bioactive phytoconstituents. Earlier, honokiol (Hon) exhibited therapeutic potential in experimental models of metabolic, renal, and brain disorders. In the present study, we evaluated potential of Hon against DN and possible molecular mechanisms. MAIN METHODS In the existing experiments, high-fat diet (HFD) (17 weeks) and streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg once) induced DN rats were orally treated with Hon (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) or metformin (150 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. KEY FINDINGS Hon attenuated albuminuria, blood biomarkers (e.g., urea nitrogen, glucose, C-reactive protein, and creatinine) and ameliorated lipid profile, electrolytes levels (Na+/K+), and creatinine clearance against DN. Hon significantly decreased renal oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers against DN. Histomorphometry and microscopic analysis revealed nephroprotective effects of Hon marked by a decrease in leukocyte infiltration, renal tissue damage, and urine sediments. RT-qPCR showed that Hon treatment attenuated mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), ER stress markers (GRP78, CHOP, ATF4, and TRB3), and Rock 1/2 in DN rats. Data from ELISA supported a decrease in levels of TGF-β1, ET-1, ER stress markers, and Rock1/2 by Hon. SIGNIFICANCE Hon attenuated hyperglycemia, redox imbalance, and inflammation and improved renal functions in rats. Hon alleviates DN pathogenesis possibly by attenuating ER stress and Rock pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmad Rather
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Nadeem Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Ropar, Punjab, India.
| | | | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India; Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
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Mittal R, Sharma S, Kushwah AS, Yaqoob O, Kumari D. A Comprehensive Review on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chalcones-Derived Moieties. CTM 2023. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083809666230301085620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
In recent decades, all-embracing research accounting for thousands of natural bioactive compounds have been detailed on behalf of their origin, pharmacological activity, active phytoconstituents, and therapeutic applications. Chalcones, secondary metabolites have shown therapeutic potential against various forms of inflammation, pain, and cancer in multiple research papers targeting their pathway inhibition and their significant therapeutic activity.
Area Covered:
Diverse aspects of chalcones have been focused on with their biological source, pathway inhibition, and pharmacological activity.
Objectives:
This study aims to focus on the chalcones being the origin of ethnopharmacological, possess extensive pharmacological activities, including anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-acne, anti-aging, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, psychoactive, anti-parasitic, and many others.
Method:
Chalcones display anti-inflammatory activity via COX-2, NO synthase, and TNF-α inhibition. Furthermore, comprehensive studies will be discussed with a viewpoint of the chalcones’s role in the alleviation of inflammation. According to recent advancements, chalcones clinically have been used in the treatment of inflammation, anti-aging, oxidative stress reduction, autophagy, and apoptosis
Conclusion:
This article focuses on the molecular progression of inflammation and the chalcone role in combating inflammation by targeting inflammatory mediators and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopal Mittal
- PhD Research Scholar, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar (Punjab) 144601, Indiac
| | - Shailesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar) (Punjab) 140111, India
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar) (Punjab) 140111, India
| | - Obaid Yaqoob
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar) (Punjab) 140111, India
| | - Deepika Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar) (Punjab) 140111, India
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Kaur N, Sharma RK, Singh Kushwah A, Singh N, Thakur S. A Comprehensive Review of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Pre-clinical Animal Models in Addition to Herbal Treatment Options and Multi-modality Imaging Strategies. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2023; 22:207-225. [PMID: 36734898 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x23666230123122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is distinguished by ventricular chamber expansion, systolic dysfunction, and normal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, and is mainly caused due to genetic or environmental factors; however, its aetiology is undetermined in the majority of patients. The focus of this work is on pathogenesis, small animal models, as well as the herbal medicinal approach, and the most recent advances in imaging modalities for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Several small animal models have been proposed over the last few years to mimic various pathomechanisms that contribute to dilated cardiomyopathy. Surgical procedures, gene mutations, and drug therapies are all characteristic features of these models. The pros and cons, including heart failure stimulation of extensively established small animal models for dilated cardiomyopathy, are illustrated, as these models tend to procure key insights and contribute to the development of innovative treatment techniques for patients. Traditional medicinal plants used as treatment in these models are also discussed, along with contemporary developments in herbal therapies. In the last few decades, accurate diagnosis, proper recognition of the underlying disease, specific risk stratification, and forecasting of clinical outcome, have indeed improved the health of DCM patients. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the bullion criterion for assessing ventricular volume and ejection fraction in a reliable and consistent direction. Other technologies, like strain analysis and 3D echocardiography, have enhanced this technique's predictive and therapeutic potential. Nuclear imaging potentially helps doctors pinpoint the causative factors of left ventricular dysfunction, as with cardiac sarcoidosis and amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Shilpa Thakur
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
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Chopra H, Dhawan M, Bibi S, Baig AA, Kushwah AS, Kaur M, Emran TB. FDA approved vaccines for monkeypox: Current eminence. Int J Surg 2022; 105:106896. [PMID: 36089263 PMCID: PMC9628798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India; Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester, WA14 5PQ, UK.
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, 20400, Malaysia.
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, BELA, Ropar, Punjab, India.
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, BELA, Ropar, Punjab, India.
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
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Kushwah AS, Mittal R, Kumar M, Kaur G, Goel P, Sharma RK, Kabra A, Nainwal LM. Cardioprotective Activity of Cassia fistula L. Bark Extract in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction Rat Model. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022; 2022:6874281. [PMID: 36051494 PMCID: PMC9427257 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6874281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cassia fistula Linn, generally recognized as Indian laburnum, is one of the ancient trees in the Indian subcontinent used for its ornamental and diverse medicinal properties. It is known for its ethnic medicinal uses in inflammatory and infectious pathologies such as antihelmintic, purgative, carminative, antipyretic, expectorant, analgesic, laxative, antiseptic, and antidote against snake poison. The Cassia bark is rich in anthraquinones, flavanols glycosides, and sitosterols, which renders it cardioprotective properties. The existing experiments were designed to assess the potential of Cassia fistula bark against isoproterenol (ISP)-induced cardiotoxicity in rats, which has not been validated yet. The bark was successively extracted with five different solvents, and each extract was subjected to in vitro antioxidant studies. Further acute oral toxicity assays were carried out preceding in vivo myocardial studies. Cardiotoxicity-inducing agent, ISP, was administrated to the rats for two consecutive days (8th and 9th). Based on in vitro studies, the Cassia fistula methanolic extract (CFME) was administered in two doses: CFME-LD (lower dose 250 mg/kg) and CFME-HD (high dose 500 mg/kg) separately. It was found that CFME produced a substantial decrease in lipid peroxidation and an increase in antioxidants in myocardial tissues. CFME abrogated the levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol with a decrease in alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity in serum at both doses. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and histopathology also revealed the protective effects of CFME against ISP-induced myocardial infarction. The study showed the significant role of the CFME as a strong antioxidant and cardioprotective action in ISP-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Rupnagar, Punjab 140111, India
| | - Roopal Mittal
- RKSD College of Pharmacy, Kaithal, Haryana 136027, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Rupnagar, Punjab 140111, India
| | - Prerna Goel
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna, Gurugram, Haryana 122102, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Rupnagar, Punjab 140111, India
| | - Atul Kabra
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Lalit Mohan Nainwal
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna, Gurugram, Haryana 122102, India
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Joshi Y, Rani H, Kaur G, Kumar M, Sindhu RKK, Kushwah AS, Mittal R. Herbal and Ayurvedic Plants as Remedial Approach for Viral Diseases with Focus on COVID-19: A Narrative Review. CTM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083808666220822124541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Infectious diseases have posed a major threat to human survival for centuries and can devastate entire populations. Recently, the global outbreak of COVID-19 has increased exponentially, affecting more than 200 countries and millions of lives since the fall of 2019, largely due to the ineffectiveness of existing antiviral therapies. WHO announced it a public health emergency of international concern. A significant waiting period in antiviral therapy hindered by the rapid evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 aggravated the situation ensuing imposition of strict laws (e.g., communal dissociation, international travel restrictions, and maintenance of hygiene) that would help in inhibiting further outspread of COVID-19. Ayurveda system of medicine offers a holistic approach to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Objective:
This review aims to highlight the potential of medicinal herbs and Ayurvedic drugs as the remedial approach for viral diseases, such as COVID- 19.
Methods:
We reviewed the literature from journal publication websites and electronic databases, such as Bentham, Science Direct, Pub Med, Scopus, USFDA, etc.
Results:
The drugs used in the traditional system of medicine have the potential to prevent and cure the infected patient. Ayurvedic therapies are known for regulating immunity and rejuvenation properties that behold much promise in the management of COVID-19 disease. Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH recommends some precautionary fitness measures and an increase in immunity with special reference to respiratory health.
Conclusion:
While there is no medication for COVID-19 as of now, taking preventive measures and boosting body immunity is highly recommended. A number of medicinal plants that play an important role in revitalizing the immune system are easily accessible in home remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashvita Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab 140111 (India)
| | - Hema Rani
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab 140111 (India)
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab 140111 (India)
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401(India)
| | - Rakesh K. K. Sindhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401(India)
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab 140111 (India)
| | - Roopal Mittal
- Department of Pharmacology, R.K.S.D. College of Pharmacy, Kaithal (Haryana) 136027, India
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Mittal R, Sharma S, Mittal A, Kumar S, Kushwah AS. Virtual screening, molecular docking, and physiochemical analysis of novel 1,3-diphenyl-2-propene-1-one as dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220523093435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Chronic Inflammation is usually combated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, long-term use of NSAIDs causes side effects comprising gastric ulceration, abdominal discomfort, lack of anti-thrombolytic activity, and myocardial infarction. Emerging reports indicate alteration of arachidonic acid metabolism, via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, being investigated as potential anti-inflammatory agents. There is a dynamic balance shift toward lipoxygenase on cyclooxygenase inhibition, therefore there is a need to identify naïve dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory agents with better therapeutic and minimal side effects.
Objective:
The current research focused on identifying a prospective natural candidate molecule (1,3-diphenyl-2-propene-1-one derivative) as a dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitor by using structure-based database screening, molecular modelling, and in-silico ADMET analysis.
Methods:
Virtual screening using ZINC database, molecular docking of potential compounds, and ADME analysis of hit compounds.
Results:
A virtual library of 116 chalcone-based molecules was screened out. The molecules were docked for COX-2 (PDB ID-3LN1) and 5-LOX (PDB ID-3V99) enzymatic active pockets and resulted in compounds C96, C8, C83, C45, C20 better than zileuton. The potent compounds and zileuton showed good binding affinity in the range of -8.0 to -8.7Kcal/mol in the COX-2 and -7.0 to -8.7Kcal/mol in the 5-LOX active site respectively. These compounds were further subjected to ADME analysis giving two plausible lead compounds C45 and C64 following ideal pharmacokinetic properties.
Conclusion:
The research work provides abundant opportunities to explore computational and medicinal research areas which will facilitate the development of novel dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors in future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopal Mittal
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar (Punjab) 144601, India; and RKSD College of Pharmacy
| | - Shailesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar) (Punjab) 140111, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144 411, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144 411, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar) (Punjab) 140111, India
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Kumar M, Kumar A, Sindhu RK, Kushwah AS. Arbutin attenuates monosodium L-glutamate induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in rats. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105217. [PMID: 34710534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuro-inflammation underlie the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative brain disorders. Although L-glutamate is the prime excitatory neurotransmitter involved in diverse brain functions, however, overabundance at synapse can activate cell death mechanisms. Previous studies indicate that arbutin affords relief in metabolic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal disorders. Recently, arbutin showed benefits in animal models of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease that further expanded its therapeutic potential against brain disorders. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of arbutin against monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) neurotoxicity in rats. Wistar rats (male, 180-200 g) were administered MSG (4 mg/kg) and arbutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 21 days. Cognitive functions were assessed using elevated plus maze and novel object recognition task. Biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and intracellular cation-levels (Na+, Ca2+, K+) were determined using whole brain. Administration of MSG augmented cation-levels, oxidative stress, inflammation, AChE, and LDH activities, and decreased GABA levels in the brain. Arbutin (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased these biochemical disturbances in the brain of MSG administered rats. Behavioural results showed that MSG triggered cognitive deficits in rats that were significantly attenuated by arbutin. Histopathological findings in hippocampus and cortex revealed neuroprotective outcome of arbutin treatments against MSG. MK-801 and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) enhanced memory and neuroprotective effects in rats treated with arbutin and MSG. Arbutin may afford therapeutic advantages in neurodegenerative brain disorders by suppressing the excitotoxic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Ghaggar Sarai, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Ghaggar Sarai, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh K Sindhu
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India
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Kumar M, Singh G, Kushwah AS, Surampalli G, Singh TG, Gupta S. Arbutin protects brain against middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAo/R) injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 577:52-57. [PMID: 34507065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Focal ischemia causes irreversible brain damage if cerebral blood flow is not restored promptly. Acute phase excitotoxicity and pro-oxidant and inflammatory events in the sub-chronic phase elicit coagulative necrosis, vascular injury, cerebral oedema, and neurobehavioral deficits. Earlier, in pre-clinical studies arbutin protected behavioral functions and improved therapeutic outcomes in different models of brain and metabolic disorders. Arbutin is natural hydroquinone that might protect against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, cerebro-protective effects of arbutin were evaluated in the middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAo/R) mouse model. Mice were administered arbutin (50, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days, and subjected to MCAo/R or sham surgery on day 14. Results showed brain infarction, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, oedema, and neurological deficits 24 h post-MCAo/R injury that were prevented by arbutin. Behavioral evaluations over the sub-chronic phase revealed MCAo/R triggered spatial and working memory deficits. Arbutin protected the memory against MCAo/R injury and decreased hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, protein carbonyls, inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, myeloperoxidase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, inducible nitric oxide synthase), and enhanced glutathione levels in the ischemia ipsilateral hemisphere. Arbutin decreased brain acetylcholinesterase activity, glutamate, and enhanced GABA levels against MCAo/R. Arbutin can alleviate I/R pathogenesis and protects neurobehavioral functions in the MCAo/R mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Gurteg Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Singh Kushwah
- Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | | | | | - Sushma Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Kushwah AS, Gupta MK, Singh R, Banerjee M. Cytokine gene variants and treatment outcome of cisplatin-based concomitant chemoradiotherapy in cervical cancer. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 77:81-86. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1714164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AS Kushwah
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - MK Gupta
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - R Singh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - M Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- MK Gupta
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - AS Kushwah
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - R Singh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - M Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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Abstract
Background: Diabetes is the seventh most common disease leading to death with a global estimate of 425 million diabetics, expected to be 629 million in 2045. The role of reactive metabolites and antioxidants, such as glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) provides an opportunity for identifying gene variants and risk genotypes. We hypothesised that certain antioxidant gene-gene interactions are linked with T2DM and can model disease risk prediction.Materials and methods: Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in antioxidant genes for glutathione (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was performed in 558 T2DMs and 410 age and sex matched healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), routine lab indices by standard techniques.Results: The null/null allele combination of GSTM1del and GSTT1del increased disease risk up to 1.7-fold. The combination of SNPs in GSTM1del, GSTT1del, GSTP1 + 313A/G and in CAT-21A/T, SOD2 + 47C/T, GPx1 + 599C/T increased the risk of diabetes 13.5 and 2.1-fold, respectively. Interaction of SNPs GSTM1del, GSTT1del, GSTP1 + 313A/G (105Ile/Val), CAT-21A/T, SOD2 + 47C/T, GPx1 + 599C/T were significantly linked with disease risk >5 × 103 fold.Conclusion: As the number of gene combinations increase, there is a rise in the odds ratio of disease risk, suggesting that gene-gene interaction plays an important role in T2DM susceptibility. Individuals who possess the GSTM1del, GSTT1del, GSTP1 105I/V(+313A/G), CAT-21A/T, SOD2 + 47C/T and GPx1 + 599C/T are at very high risk of developing T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Banerjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P Vats
- Molecular & Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A S Kushwah
- Molecular & Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Singh S, Kushwah AS, Singh R, Farswan M, Kaur R. Current therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16:1651-1664. [PMID: 23161037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that places a substantial burden on patients, their families, and society. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of all deaths in the United States, and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans aged 65 and older. During the past years, several agents have been approved that enhance cognition and global function of AD patients, and recent advances in understanding AD pathogenesis has led to the development of numerous compounds that might modify the disease process. A wide array of antiamyloid and neuroprotective therapeutic approaches are under investigation on the basis of the hypothesis that amyloid beta (Aβ) protein plays a pivotal role in disease onset and progression and that secondary consequences of Aβ generation and deposition, including tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation, oxidation, inflammation, and excitotoxicity, contribute to the disease process. Interventions in these processes with agents that reduce amyloid production, limit aggregation, or increase removal or vaccination and immunization might block the cascade of events comprising AD pathogenesis. Reducing tau hyperphosphorylation, limiting oxidation and excitotoxicity, and controlling inflammation might be beneficial disease-modifying strategies. Potentially neuroprotective and restorative treatments such as neurotrophins, neurotrophic factor enhancers, and stem cell-related approaches are also under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- ASBASJS Memorial College of Pharmacy Bela, Ropar, India.
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Kumar R, Prakash S, Kushwah AS, Vijayan VK. Breath carbon monoxide concentration in cigarette and bidi smokers in India. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2010; 52:19-24. [PMID: 20364610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure and compare the breath carbon monoxide (CO) levels in cigarette and bidi smokers in India. METHODS Breath CO was measured in 389 smokers (241 cigarette smokers,148 bidi smokers) using portable breath CO analyser (Bedfont-England, Smokelyzer). Tobacco contents and length of single stick of different brands of cigarette and bidi were also measured. RESULTS Their mean age was 38.7 +/- 13.4 years. The average duration of smoking was 18.2 +/- 13.0 years. Average breath CO levels were 15.6 +/- 7.0 ppm in smokers and 4.07 +/- 1.16 ppm in non-smokers. Average breath CO level was significantly higher in bidi smokers (18.9 +/- 7.7 ppm) compared to cigarette smokers (13.6 +/- 5.8 ppm) when total consumption of cigarette/bidi was more than five pack-years (p = 0.002). Average tobacco weight of bidi (216.8 mg) was significantly less than cigarette (696 mg). CONCLUSIONS Bidi is equally or more harmful than cigarette smoking. One bidi may be considered to one cigarette for calculating "pack-years" of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, V.P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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