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Xu X, Khunsriraksakul C, Eales JM, Rubin S, Scannali D, Saluja S, Talavera D, Markus H, Wang L, Drzal M, Maan A, Lay AC, Prestes PR, Regan J, Diwadkar AR, Denniff M, Rempega G, Ryszawy J, Król R, Dormer JP, Szulinska M, Walczak M, Antczak A, Matías-García PR, Waldenberger M, Woolf AS, Keavney B, Zukowska-Szczechowska E, Wystrychowski W, Zywiec J, Bogdanski P, Danser AHJ, Samani NJ, Guzik TJ, Morris AP, Liu DJ, Charchar FJ, Tomaszewski M. Genetic imputation of kidney transcriptome, proteome and multi-omics illuminates new blood pressure and hypertension targets. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2359. [PMID: 38504097 PMCID: PMC10950894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms of blood pressure (BP) regulation remain poorly defined. Using kidney-specific epigenomic annotations and 3D genome information we generated and validated gene expression prediction models for the purpose of transcriptome-wide association studies in 700 human kidneys. We identified 889 kidney genes associated with BP of which 399 were prioritised as contributors to BP regulation. Imputation of kidney proteome and microRNAome uncovered 97 renal proteins and 11 miRNAs associated with BP. Integration with plasma proteomics and metabolomics illuminated circulating levels of myo-inositol, 4-guanidinobutanoate and angiotensinogen as downstream effectors of several kidney BP genes (SLC5A11, AGMAT, AGT, respectively). We showed that genetically determined reduction in renal expression may mimic the effects of rare loss-of-function variants on kidney mRNA/protein and lead to an increase in BP (e.g., ENPEP). We demonstrated a strong correlation (r = 0.81) in expression of protein-coding genes between cells harvested from urine and the kidney highlighting a diagnostic potential of urinary cell transcriptomics. We uncovered adenylyl cyclase activators as a repurposing opportunity for hypertension and illustrated examples of BP-elevating effects of anticancer drugs (e.g. tubulin polymerisation inhibitors). Collectively, our studies provide new biological insights into genetic regulation of BP with potential to drive clinical translation in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - James M Eales
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sebastien Rubin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Scannali
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sushant Saluja
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Talavera
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Havell Markus
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lida Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Maciej Drzal
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Akhlaq Maan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abigail C Lay
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Priscilla R Prestes
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Jeniece Regan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Avantika R Diwadkar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Denniff
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Grzegorz Rempega
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Ryszawy
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Król
- Department of General, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - John P Dormer
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Monika Szulinska
- Department of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders Treatment and Clinical Dietetics, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Walczak
- Department of Internal Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Arterial Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antczak
- Department of Urology and Uro-oncology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pamela R Matías-García
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Bernard Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Wojciech Wystrychowski
- Department of General, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Zywiec
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pawel Bogdanski
- Department of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders Treatment and Clinical Dietetics, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
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Krstic PS, Dwivedi S, Ostrowski ET, Abe S, Maan A, van Duin ACT, Koel BE. Hydrogen irradiation-driven computational surface chemistry of lithium oxide and hydroxide. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244703. [PMID: 38153149 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated, using molecular dynamics, the surface chemistry of hydrogen incident on the amorphous and crystalline lithium oxide and lithium hydroxide surfaces upon being slowed down by a collision cascade and retained in the amorphous surface of either Li2O or LiOH. We looked for the bonding of H to the resident structures in the surface to understand a possible chain of chemical reactions that can lead to surface transformation upon H atom impact. Our findings, using Density-Functional Theory (DFT) trained ReaxFF force field/electronegativity equalization method potentials, stress the importance of inclusion of polarization in the dynamics of a Li-O-H system, which is also illustrated by DFT energy minimization and quantum-classical molecular dynamics using tight binding DFT. The resulting polar-covalent chemistry of the studied systems is complex and very sensitive to the instantaneous positions of all atoms as well as the ratio of concentrations of various resident atoms in the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Krstic
- TheoretiK, Port Jefferson Station, New York 11776, USA
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11749, USA
| | - S Dwivedi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E T Ostrowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - S Abe
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - A Maan
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - A C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B E Koel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Maan A, Boyle D, Majeski R, Banerjee S, Franscisquez M, Kaita R, Wilkie G, Capecchi W, Kubota S, Hansen C, Soukhanovskii V. Improved neutral and plasma density control with increasing lithium wall coatings in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment- β (LTX- β ). Nuclear Materials and Energy 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2023.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Banerjee S, Boyle DP, Maan A, Majeski R, Kaita R, Smith D, von Hellermann M, Hansen C, Capecchi W, Elliott D. Feasibility study of a high spatial and time resolution beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic for localized density fluctuation measurements in Lithium Tokamak eXperiment-β (LTX-β). Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:113523. [PMID: 36461475 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trapped electron mode (TEM) is the main source of turbulence predicted for the unique operation regime of a flat temperature profile under low-recycling conditions in the LTX-β tokamak, while ion temperature gradient driven turbulence may also occur with gas fueling from the edge. To investigate mainly TEM scale density fluctuations, a high spatial and time resolution 2D beam emission spectroscopy (BES) diagnostic is being developed. Apart from spatially localized density turbulence measurement, BES can provide turbulence flow and flow shear dynamics. This BES system will be realized using an avalanche photodiode-based camera and narrow band interference filter. The system can acquire data at 2 MHz. Simulations with the Simulation of Spectra (SOS) code indicate that a high signal to noise ratio can be achieved with the proposed system. This will enable sampling the density fluctuations at this high time resolution. The design considerations and system optimization using the SOS code are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Banerjee
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D P Boyle
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - A Maan
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - R Majeski
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - R Kaita
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M von Hellermann
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research IEK-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Hansen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - W Capecchi
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Elliott
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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Playford D, Schwarz N, Chowdhury E, Hutson H, Duong M, Williamson A, Maan A, Strange G, Behncken S, Stewart S, Kearney L. Profile of Patients With Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis in an Australian Clinical Cohort: A Retrospective Outcome Study. Heart Lung Circ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.06.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Maan A, Kaita R, Ostrowski ET, Majeski R, Boyle DP, Donovan DC, Ellis RA, Koel BE, Biewer TM. A simple vacuum suitcase for enabling plasma facing component characterization in fusion devices. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:026104. [PMID: 32113407 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a vacuum suitcase to transport samples in vacuo to a surface analysis station for characterization of tokamak plasma facing components (PFCs). This technique enables surface analysis at powerful, dedicated stations that are not encumbered by design constraints imposed on them by a tokamak. The vacuum suitcase is an alternative solution to characterizing PFCs using diagnostics that are designed and built around a tokamak. The vacuum suitcase, called the Sample Exposure Probe (SEP), features mobile ultra-high vacuum pumping. Active pumping under high vacuum enables sample transfer between the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment-β (LTX-β) and a high resolution X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) system that is situated close by. A thermocouple inserted in the back of the sample head measures heat flux from the plasma during exposure, and together with a button heater, allows the sample to match the LTX-β PFCs in high temperature operations. As vacuum conditions are better during transfer and analysis than in the tokamak, less contamination is introduced to the samples. XPS scans on a dedicated analysis station enable peak identification due to higher resolution and signal to noise ratio. A similar probe could be implemented for other fusion devices. The SEP is the first vacuum suitcase implementation for fusion applications that incorporates active pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maan
- Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37796, USA
| | - R Kaita
- Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37796, USA
| | - E T Ostrowski
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - R Majeski
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D P Boyle
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D C Donovan
- Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37796, USA
| | - R A Ellis
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - B E Koel
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - T M Biewer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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Zhang X, Elliott D, Maan A, Boyle D, Kaita R, Majeski R. Design and calibration of a retarding field energy analyzer for the LTX-β scrape off layer and modeling of electrostatic potential in a collisionless SOL. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lindow T, Birnbaum Y, Nikus K, Maan A, Ekelund U, Pahlm O. Why complicate an important task? An orderly display of the limb leads in the 12-lead electrocardiogram and its implications for recognition of acute coronary syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:13. [PMID: 30630413 PMCID: PMC6329183 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the standard ECG display, limb leads are presented in a non-anatomical sequence: I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF. The Cabrera system is a display format which instead presents the limb leads in a cranial/left-to-caudal/right sequence, i.e. in an anatomically sequential order. Lead aVR is replaced in the Cabrera display by its inverted version, −aVR, which is presented in its logical place between lead I and lead II. Main text In this debate article possible implications of using the Cabrera display, instead of the standard, non-contiguous lead display, are presented, focusing on its use in patients with possible acute coronary syndrome. The importance of appreciating reciprocal limb-lead ECG changes and the diagnostic and prognostic value of including aVR or lead −aVR in ECG interpretation in acute coronary syndrome is covered. Illustrative cases and ECGs are presented with both the standard and contiguous limb lead display for each ECG. A contiguous lead display is useful when diagnosing acute coronary syndrome in at least 3 ways: 1) when contiguous leads are present adjacent to each other, identification of ST elevation in two contiguous leads is simple; 2) a contiguous lead display facilitates understanding of lead relationships as well as reciprocal changes; 3) it makes the common neglect of lead aVR unlikely. Conlusions It is logical to display the limb leads in their sequential anatomical order and it may have advantages both in diagnostics and ECG learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lindow
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden. .,Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Sweden. .,Clinical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Växjö, Sweden.
| | - Y Birnbaum
- The Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Texas Heart Institute, Baylor St Luke Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Nikus
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Maan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - U Ekelund
- Clinical Sciences, Emergency Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - O Pahlm
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Rowland J, Akbarov A, Maan A, Eales J, Dormer J, Tomaszewski M. Tick-Tock Chimes the Kidney Clock - from Biology of Renal Ageing to Clinical Applications. Kidney Blood Press Res 2018; 43:55-67. [PMID: 29402805 DOI: 10.1159/000486907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing of the kidney is a multi-dimensional process that occurs simultaneously at the molecular, cellular, histological, anatomical and physiological level. Nephron number and renal cortical volume decline, renal tubules become atrophic and glomeruli become sclerotic with age. These structural changes are accompanied by a decline in glomerular filtration rate, decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, reduced urinary concentrating capacity and alterations in the endocrine activity of the kidney. However, the pace of progression of these changes is not identical in everyone - individuals of the same age and seemingly similar clinical profile often exhibit stark differences in the age-related decline in renal health. Thus, chronological age poorly reflects the time-dependent changes that occur in the kidney. An ideal measure of renal vitality is biological kidney age - a measure of the age-related changes in physiological function. Replacing chronological age with biological age could provide numerous clinical benefits including improved prognostic accuracy in renal transplantation, better stratification of risk and identification of those who are on a fast trajectory to an age-related drop in kidney health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Rowland
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Artur Akbarov
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Akhlaq Maan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James Eales
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John Dormer
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Arunachalam K, Maan A, Chu A. P952Incidence, gender and racial differences in out of hospital cardiac arrest from 2012 to 2013 using national inpatient database. Europace 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/eux151.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Parkins
- Dermatology Department; NHS Lanarkshire; Airdrie ML6 0JS UK
| | - A. Maan
- Dermatology Department; NHS Lanarkshire; Airdrie ML6 0JS UK
| | - G. Dawn
- Dermatology Department; NHS Lanarkshire; Airdrie ML6 0JS UK
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