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Kuramochi Y, Murata M, Sumino A, Sone H, Hayamizu K. Safety assessment of L-Arg oral intake in healthy subjects: a systematic review of randomized control trials. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1949-1964. [PMID: 37947893 PMCID: PMC10724322 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
L-Arg is a nonessential amino acid but has many physiological roles. Accordingly, L-Arg has been used in various fields, but there is only limited information available about its safety upon overdose. Generally, the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is used when setting the upper amount for chemical substances. Recently, systematic reviews have been used to assess the safety as well as the effectiveness and usefulness of them. Therefore, we conducted an assessment of the safety of the oral intake of L-Arg in healthy subjects using gastrointestinal symptoms as an index. We limited the study design to only double-blind randomized controlled trials and searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, and Ichushi-Web from inception until May 2021. Assessment of the quality of studies was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and Jadad score, and the random effects model was used for data analysis. Ultimately, 34 studies were selected for inclusion in this work. The dosage of L-Arg used in the studies ranged from 2000 to 30,000 mg/day (or/one-time dose), and the treatment duration was 1-84 days. The increased risk of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with L-Arg intake from 23 studies (647 participants in total) in which such symptoms were reported was 0.01 (95% confidence interval: - 0.02-0.04), which was not significant difference. NOAEL was estimated as 7531 mg/ one-time dose using a weighted change-point regression model (UMIN000046133).Registration and protocol: Umin.ac.jp as UMIN000046133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Kuramochi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Mai Murata
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Akihide Sumino
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hideko Sone
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Hayamizu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan.
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Izumo N, Yukiko I, Kagaya N, Furukawa M, Iwasaki R, Sumino A, Hayamizu K, Nakano M, Hoshino T, Kurono H, Watanabe Y, Manabe T. Lactoferrin Suppresses Decreased Locomotor Activities by Improving Dopamine and Serotonin Release in the Amygdala of Ovariectomized Rats. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 14:245-252. [PMID: 32351191 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200430002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreases in female hormones not only affect bone metabolism and decrease bone mass, but also affect the central nervous system, causing brain disorders such as depression and dementia. Administration of estradiol by hormone replacement therapy can improve dementia, while reduced estradiol in ovariectomized (OVX) model rats can reduce both bone density and locomotor activity. The antidepressant fluvoxamine, which is widely used in clinical practice, can improve this effect on locomotor reduction. Similarly, lactoferrin (LF) can reportedly improve inhibitory locomotion due to stress. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the effect of LF on neurite outgrowth in vitro and in vivo using PC12 cells and rats, respectively. METHODS We performed an in vivo study in which 8-week-old female OVX rats were administered LF five days a week for 6 weeks from the day after surgery. After administration was completed, spontaneous locomotor activity in the dark period, immobility time in a forced swim test, and release amount of dopamine and serotonin in the brain were measured. RESULTS LF was found to have a neurite outgrowth function in PC12 cells. Moreover, LF was found to improve OVX-induced decreases in locomotor activity and increases in immobility time in the forced swim test. Furthermore, the administration of LF elicited significant recovery of decreased dopamine and serotonin release in the brains of OVX group rats. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that LF improved OVX-induced decreases in momentum during the dark period and, moreover, that release of dopamine and serotonin in the brain was involved in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Izumo
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Ishibashi Yukiko
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka- ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245-0066, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Kagaya
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Megumi Furukawa
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Rina Iwasaki
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Akihide Sumino
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Hayamizu
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakano
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hoshino
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Haruna Kurono
- Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Neuropharmacology, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chukyogakuin University, 2216 Toki-cho, Mizunami, Gifu509-6192, Japan
| | - Yasuo Watanabe
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa245- 0066, Japan
| | - Takayuki Manabe
- Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Neuropharmacology, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chukyogakuin University, 2216 Toki-cho, Mizunami, Gifu509-6192, Japan
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Ishimaru Y, Sumino A, Shibagaki F, Yamamuro A, Yoshioka Y, Maeda S. Endogenous Apelin Is Protective Against Age-Associated Loss of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:58. [PMID: 32296325 PMCID: PMC7141441 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) causes visual deficits, but there is not yet any therapeutic agent to prevent the loss of these cells. Herein, we report that apelin, an endogenous peptide ligand of APJ receptor, is protective against the age-related loss of RGCs in mice. The mRNA expression of apelin was reduced in the retina of old mice compared with that in young mice, whereas retinal APJ expression increased with age. Immunofluorescence staining showed that APJ was present in RGCs and their surrounding cells expressed apelin. In addition, both functional and histological analyses demonstrated that apelin deficiency accelerated the loss of RGCs associated with age in mice. These results suggest that endogenous apelin plays a protective role against the degeneration of RGCs and that the apelinergic axis may be a new target for preventing age-related visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishimaru
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Akihide Sumino
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumiya Shibagaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamamuro
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Maeda
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
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Sumino A, Sumikama T, Uchihashi T, Oiki S. High-speed AFM reveals accelerated binding of agitoxin-2 to a K + channel by induced fit. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax0495. [PMID: 31281899 PMCID: PMC6609221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agitoxin-2 (AgTx2) from scorpion venom is a potent blocker of K+ channels. The docking model has been elucidated, but it remains unclear whether binding dynamics are described by a two-state model (AgTx2-bound and AgTx2-unbound) or a more complicated mechanism, such as induced fit or conformational selection. Here, we observed the binding dynamics of AgTx2 to the KcsA channel using high-speed atomic force microscopy. From images of repeated binding and dissociation of AgTx2 to the channel, single-molecule kinetic analyses revealed that the affinity of the channel for AgTx2 increased during persistent binding and decreased during persistent dissociation. We propose a four-state model, including high- and low-affinity states of the channel, with relevant rate constants. An induced-fit pathway was dominant and accelerated binding by 400 times. This is the first analytical imaging of scorpion toxin binding in real time, which is applicable to various biological dynamics including channel ligands, DNA-modifier proteins, and antigen-antibody complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sumino
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - T. Sumikama
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - T. Uchihashi
- Department of Physics and Structural Biology Research Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - S. Oiki
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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