Alshehri S, Bukhari SI, Imam SS, Hussain A, Alghaith AF, Altamimi MA, AlAbdulkarim AS, Almurshedi A. Formulation of Piperine-Loaded Nanoemulsion: In Vitro Characterization, Ex Vivo Evaluation, and Cell Viability Assessment.
ACS Omega 2023;
8:22406-22413. [PMID:
37396261 PMCID:
PMC10308402 DOI:
10.1021/acsomega.2c08187]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Piperine is an alkaloid, but its therapeutic efficacy is limited due to poor aqueous solubility. In this study, piperine nanoemulsions were prepared using oleic acid (oil), Cremophore EL (surfactant), and Tween 80 (co-surfactant) using the high-energy ultrasonication approach. The optimal nanoemulsion (N2) was further evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, release, permeation, antibacterial, and cell viability studies based on minimal droplet size and maximum encapsulation efficiency. The prepared nanoemulsions (N1-N6) showed a transmittance of more than 95%, a mean droplet size between 105 ± 4.11 and 250 ± 7.4 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.19 to 0.36, and a ζ potential of -19 to -39 mV. The optimized nanoemulsion (N2) showed significantly improved drug release and permeation compared with pure piperine dispersion. The nanoemulsions were stable in the tested media. The transmission electron microscopy image showed a spherical and dispersed nanoemulsion droplet. The antibacterial and cell line results of piperine nanoemulsions were significantly better than the pure piperine dispersion. The findings suggested that piperine nanoemulsions may be a more advanced nanodrug delivery system than conventional ones.
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