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Fenyk S, Townsend PD, Dixon CH, Spies GB, de San Eustaquio Campillo A, Slootweg EJ, Westerhof LB, Gawehns FKK, Knight MR, Sharples GJ, Goverse A, Pålsson LO, Takken FLW, Cann MJ. The Potato Nucleotide-binding Leucine-rich Repeat (NLR) Immune Receptor Rx1 Is a Pathogen-dependent DNA-deforming Protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24945-60. [PMID: 26306038 PMCID: PMC4599002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.672121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins enable cells to respond to pathogen attack. Several NLRs act in the nucleus; however, conserved nuclear targets that support their role in immunity are unknown. Previously, we noted a structural homology between the nucleotide-binding domain of NLRs and DNA replication origin-binding Cdc6/Orc1 proteins. Here we show that the NB-ARC (nucleotide-binding, Apaf-1, R-proteins, and CED-4) domain of the Rx1 NLR of potato binds nucleic acids. Rx1 induces ATP-dependent bending and melting of DNA in vitro, dependent upon a functional P-loop. In situ full-length Rx1 binds nuclear DNA following activation by its cognate pathogen-derived effector protein, the coat protein of potato virus X. In line with its obligatory nucleocytoplasmic distribution, DNA binding was only observed when Rx1 was allowed to freely translocate between both compartments and was activated in the cytoplasm. Immune activation induced by an unrelated NLR-effector pair did not trigger an Rx1-DNA interaction. DNA binding is therefore not merely a consequence of immune activation. These data establish a role for DNA distortion in Rx1 immune signaling and define DNA as a molecular target of an activated NLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Fenyk
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute
| | - Philip D Townsend
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute
| | - Christopher H Dixon
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute
| | - Gerhard B Spies
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute
| | | | - Erik J Slootweg
- the Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Lotte B Westerhof
- the Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Fleur K K Gawehns
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc R Knight
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute
| | - Gary J Sharples
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute
| | - Aska Goverse
- the Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Lars-Olof Pålsson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Cann
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biophysical Sciences Institute,
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Fenyk S, de San Eustaquio Campillo A, Pohl E, Hussey PJ, Cann MJ. A nucleotide phosphatase activity in the nucleotide binding domain of an orphan resistance protein from rice. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:4023-32. [PMID: 22157756 PMCID: PMC3281693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.314450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant resistance proteins (R-proteins) are key components of the plant immune system activated in response to a plethora of different pathogens. R-proteins are P-loop NTPase superfamily members, and current models describe their main function as ATPases in defense signaling pathways. Here we show that a subset of R-proteins have evolved a new function to combat pathogen infection. This subset of R-proteins possesses a nucleotide phosphatase activity in the nucleotide-binding domain. Related R-proteins that fall in the same phylogenetic clade all show the same nucleotide phosphatase activity indicating a conserved function within at least a subset of R-proteins. R-protein nucleotide phosphatases catalyze the production of nucleoside from nucleotide with the nucleotide monophosphate as the preferred substrate. Mutation of conserved catalytic residues substantially reduced activity consistent with the biochemistry of P-loop NTPases. Kinetic analysis, analytical gel filtration, and chemical cross-linking demonstrated that the nucleotide-binding domain was active as a multimer. Nuclear magnetic resonance and nucleotide analogues identified the terminal phosphate bond as the target of a reaction that utilized a metal-mediated nucleophilic attack by water on the phosphoester. In conclusion, we have identified a group of R-proteins with a unique function. This biochemical activity appears to have co-evolved with plants in signaling pathways designed to resist pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Fenyk
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, and
| | | | - Ehmke Pohl
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, and
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J. Hussey
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, and
| | - Martin J. Cann
- From the School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, and
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