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Sommerling JH, de Matos MBC, Hildebrandt E, Dessy A, Kok RJ, Nirschl H, Leneweit G. Instability Mechanisms of Water-in-Oil Nanoemulsions with Phospholipids: Temporal and Morphological Structures. Langmuir 2018; 34:572-584. [PMID: 29220188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many food preparations, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics use water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions stabilized by phospholipids. Moreover, recent technological developments try to produce liposomes or lipid coated capsules from W/O emulsions, but are faced with colloidal instabilities. To explore these instability mechanisms, emulsification by sonication was applied in three cycles, and the sample stability was studied for 3 h after each cycle. Clearly identifiable temporal structures of instability provide evidence about the emulsion morphology: an initial regime of about 10 min is shown to be governed by coalescence after which Ostwald ripening dominates. Transport via molecular diffusion in Ostwald ripening is commonly based on the mutual solubility of the two phases and is therefore prohibited in emulsions composed of immiscible phases. However, in the case of water in oil emulsified by phospholipids, these form water-loaded reverse micelles in oil, which enable Ostwald ripening despite the low solubility of water in oil, as is shown for squalene. As is proved for the phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), concentrations below the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) form monolayers at the interfaces and smaller droplet sizes. In contrast, phospholipid concentrations above the CAC create complex multilayers at the interface with larger droplet sizes. The key factors for stable W/O emulsions in classical or innovative applications are first, the minimization of the phospholipids' capacity to form reversed micelles, and second, the adaption of the initial phospholipid concentration to the water content to enable an optimized coverage of phospholipids at the interfaces for the intended drop size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Sommerling
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Straße am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Abnoba GmbH , Hohenzollernstraße 16, 75177 Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Maria B C de Matos
- Abnoba GmbH , Hohenzollernstraße 16, 75177 Pforzheim, Germany
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University , 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Hildebrandt
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Straße am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Abnoba GmbH , Hohenzollernstraße 16, 75177 Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Alberto Dessy
- Abnoba GmbH , Hohenzollernstraße 16, 75177 Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Robbert Jan Kok
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University , 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Straße am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gero Leneweit
- Abnoba GmbH , Hohenzollernstraße 16, 75177 Pforzheim, Germany
- Carl Gustav Carus-Institute, Association for the Advancement of Cancer Therapy , Am Eichhof 30, 75223 Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany
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Hildebrandt E, Dessy A, Sommerling JH, Guthausen G, Nirschl H, Leneweit G. Interactions between Phospholipids and Organic Phases: Insights into Lipoproteins and Nanoemulsions. Langmuir 2016; 32:5821-5829. [PMID: 27159619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of phosphatidylcholines (PCs), dissolved in squalene or squalane as an organic phase, was studied at the interface with water. Using profile analysis tensiometry, the equilibrium adsorption isotherms, minimum molecular interfacial areas, and solubility limits were derived. For squalene, differences in PC solubility and interfacial adsorption were found, depending on PC saturation. Compared to saturated PCs, unsaturated PCs showed a 3-fold-lower interfacial density but up to a 28-fold-higher critical aggregation concentration (CAC). In addition, the solubility limit of unsaturated PC in squalene and in its saturated form squalane diverged by a factor of 739. These findings provided evidence for steric repulsion or π-π interactions of π bonds in both solvent and solute or both effects acting complementarily. In squalane, low solubilities but high interfacial densities were found for all investigated PCs. Changes in fatty acid chain lengths showed that the influence of the increases in entropy and enthalpy on solubility is much smaller than solvent/solute interactions. Oxidation products of squalene lowered the interfacial tension, but increasing concentrations of PC expelled them from the interface. The CAC of saturated PC was increased by oxidation products of squalene whereas that of unsaturated PCs was not. Our findings indicate that the oxidation of triglycerides in lipoprotein cores can lead to increased solubility of saturated phospholipids covering the lipoproteins, contributing to destabilization, coalescence, and terminally the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The consideration of solvent/solute interactions in molecular modeling may contribute to the interfacial tension and the corresponding kinetic or thermodynamic stability of lipoproteins. Measured areas per molecule prove that PCs form monolayers of different interfacial densities at the squalene/water interface but multilayers at the squalane/water interface. These findings showed that combinations of solvent or solute saturation affect the outcome for nanoemulsions forming either expanded or condensed monolayers or multilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hildebrandt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Abnoba GmbH, 75177 Pforzheim, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Hendrik Sommerling
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Abnoba GmbH, 75177 Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gero Leneweit
- Abnoba GmbH, 75177 Pforzheim, Germany
- Carl Gustav Carus-Institute, Association for the Promotion of Cancer Therapy , 75223 Niefern-Oeschelbronn, Germany
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Solimando A, Dessy A, Alderighi M, Altomare A, Chiellini F, Solaro R. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable amphiphilic polymers and nanoparticles with high protein-loading capacity. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911514537729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiblock copolymers containing carboxyl groups in the side-chains and at the chain ends were prepared from ABA triblock copolymers of ε-caprolactone, or lactide (as A block), and ethylene glycol (as B block). ABAn multiblock copolymers were prepared after chain-end functionalization and chain extension with pyromellitic dianhydride. A series of polymers were synthesized by varying the poly(ethylene glycol) and polyester molecular weight and the chirality of the lactide. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was used to confirm free carboxyl groups in the polymer backbone and at the chain ends. Thermal analysis indicated that the presence of pyromellitic dianhydride residues interfered not only with the formation of crystalline phases but also with the thermal degradation of chain-extended polymers. The biocompatibility of these amphiphilic polymers as evaluated with mouse embryo fibroblasts was acceptable. Both the parent ABA triblock copolymers and the carboxylated polymers were processed into nanoparticles. Depending on the polymer structure and reaction conditions, a narrow size nanoparticle distribution from ~10 to 250 nm was obtained. The nanoparticles were loaded with 60%–90% albumin and released 80%–90% of the albumin absorbed. Overall, this system was found to be well suited for the preparation of high-capacity injectable protein drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Solimando
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Dessy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Alderighi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Solaro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Arosio P, Baldi G, Chiellini F, Corti M, Dessy A, Galinetto P, Gazzarri M, Grandi MS, Innocenti C, Lascialfari A, Lorenzi G, Orsini F, Piras AM, Ravagli C, Sangregorio C. Magnetism and spin dynamics of novel encapsulated iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10282-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32805h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Piras AM, Dessy A, Dinucci D, Chiellini F. 2-Methoxy Aniline Grafted Poly(maleic anhydride-alt-butyl vinyl ether) Hemiester: A New Biocompatible Polymeric Free Radical Scavenger. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102309m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Piras
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM, Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Dessy
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM, Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dinuccio Dinucci
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM, Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM, Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Piras AM, Dessy A, Chiellini F, Chiellini E, Farina C, Ramelli M, Della Valle E. Polymeric nanoparticles for hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2008; 1784:1454-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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